CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 691Digital literacy in educationEducational Methods and AnalysisEducation and Critical Thinking Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Learning 21st-Century Skills Requires 21st-Century Teaching

Saavedra, Anna Rosefsky, Opfer, V. Darleen·2012·Phi Delta Kappan
DOI 10.1177/003172171209400203
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Globalization, economic necessity, and low civic engagement compound the urgency for students to develop the skills and knowledge they need for success. The interconnectedness of our global economy, ecosystem, and political networks require that students learn to communicate, collaborate, and problem solve with people worldwide. Employers demand fewer people with basic skill sets and more people with complex thinking and communication skills (Levy & Murnane, 2005). Low levels of civic engagement highlight the recognition that rote learning about government is not a sufficient way for students to learn how and why to be engaged citizens (Levine, 2012). But the movement toward 21st-century skills--as any movement--must define its objective, to wit, the skills that comprise the movement. Based on several hundred interviews with business, non-profit, and education leaders, Tony Wagner (2008) proposes that students need seven survival skills including: * Critical thinking and problem solving; * Collaboration and leadership; * Agility and adaptability; * Initiative and entrepreneurialism; * Effective oral and written communication; * Accessing and analyzing information; and * Curiosity and imagination The Assessment and Teaching of 21st-century Skills consortium (AT21CS), organizes skills, knowledge, and attitudes into four categories: ways of thinking, ways of working, tools for working, and living in the world (2012). Regardless of the skills included or the terms used to describe them, all 21st-century skills definitions are relevant to aspects of contemporary life in a complex world. Most focus on similar types of complex thinking, learning, and communication skills, and all are more demanding to teach and learn than rote skills. These abilities are also commonly referred to as higher-order thinking skills, deeper learning outcomes, and complex thinking and communication skills. Why students aren't learning them The outdated, transmission model of education, through which teachers transmit factual knowledge to students via lectures and textbooks, remains the dominant approach to compulsory education in much of the world (OECD, 2009). Through the transmission model, students can learn information, but typically don't have much practice applying the knowledge to new contexts, communicating it in complex ways, using it to solve problems, or using it as a platform to develop creativity. Therefore, transmission is not the most effective way to teach 21st-century skills. Students are not developing them because they are not being explicitly taught (Schleicher, 2012) and because they are more difficult to assess than factual retention (AT21CS, 2012). Nine lessons Despite the challenges, we can educate students differently. Learning scientists have taught us nine lessons relative to teaching 21st-century skills. All of the lessons are about how students learn 21st-century skills and how pedagogy can address their needs. Many of the lessons--especially transfer, metacognition, teamwork, technology, and creativity--are also 21st-century skills in themselves. #1. MAKE IT RELEVANT. To be effective, curriculum must be relevant to students' lives. To make curriculum relevant, teachers must begin with generative topics or topics that have an important place in the disciplinary or interdisciplinary study at hand and that resonate with learners and teachers (Perkins, 2010). The relevance of a specific topic is clearer to students when they understand how it fits within the big picture. In his book Making Learning Whole (2010), teaching and learning expert David Perkins uses baseball as an analogy to explain that players must know how hitting, catching, and running bases contribute to the game. Similarly, students need to understand how statistics fit into the bigger picture of mathematical thinking, and they must have a sense of the value of mathematical thinking in the first place. …

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/003172171209400203

Cites

22 of 22 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

1 retracted

Show all 23 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Dede C., 2005, EDUCAUSE Quarterly, 28, 7
  2. Dweck C., 2009, Knowledge Quest, 38, 8
  3. Fogarty R., 1992, How to teach for transfer.
  4. Levine P., 2012, We are the ones we have been waiting for: The philosophy and practice of civic renewal.
  5. Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development., 2010, Strong performers and successful reformers in education: Lessons from PISA for the United States.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 691

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Saavedra, A. R., & Opfer, V. D.
Venue
Phi Delta Kappan
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2012-10
Volume
94
Issue
2
Pages
8-13
ISSN
  • 0031-7217 (ISSN-L)
  • 1940-6487
DOI
10.1177/003172171209400203
OpenAlex
W2072751739
Cited by
640
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8
FWCI
41.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
Phi Delta Kappan (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Digital literacy in education
  • Social Sciences › Education › Educational Methods and Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Education › Education and Critical Thinking Development
Keywords
21st century skills, 21st century teaching, critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, communication skills, higher-order thinking skills, deep learning, citizen participation, entrepreneurship, creativity, teacher professional development, student engagement

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review