Depression among caregivers of patients with dementia
Open accessAbstract
We aimed to assess depressive symptoms in caregivers of patients with dementia, taking into account variables such as severity of dementia, sex, age, and financial state of the patient. We recruited 222 caregivers of patients with dementia from King Abdulaziz Medical City, Saudi Alzheimer's Disease Association, and online, from February to June 2017, and employed the Patient Health Questionnaire to assess depression, and the Blessed Dementia Scale to assess severity of dementia. The prevalence of clinical depression among the caregivers was 14.9%. Minimal symptoms of depression were experienced by 96 caregivers (43.2%), moderate by 45 (20.3%), moderate-severe by 15 (6.8%), and severe by 8 (3.6%). Forty-six patients had mild dementia (22%), 73 had moderate (34.9%), and 90 had severe (43.1%). Caregivers of patients with dementia experience considerable burden and lower level of health-related quality of life and may be predisposed to developing clinical depression.
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The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in dementia caregivers ranges from 29.9% to 74% and 7% to 44%, respectively, which is much higher than in the general population.
“The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in dementia caregivers ranges from 29.9% to 74% and 7% to 44%, respectively, which is much higher than in the general population [19,20,21,22,23,24,25].”
From Relationship of Psychological Flexibility and Mindfulness to Caregiver Burden, and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Caregivers of People with Dementia (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
The Discussion (page not provided) reports depressive symptoms in 73.9% of dementia caregivers and says they were more common than in the general population. It does not give a 29.9% lower bound for depressive symptoms or the claimed 7%–44% range for anxiety symptoms; the study assessed depression, not anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe PHQ-9 has been extensively validated among family caregivers, including those supporting persons with dementia.
“The PHQ-9 has been extensively validated among family caregivers, including those supporting persons with dementia (Alfakhri et al., 2018; Lou et al., 2015; Pinyopornpanish et al., 2021).”
From Mindfulness and rumination: stress pathways for caregivers of persons living with dementia. (2026) · cites this paper as Alfakhri et al., 2018
The Outcome Measures section describes the PHQ-9 as previously validated, and the Discussion reports its use to screen 222 caregivers of people with dementia. Neither section says it has been extensively validated specifically among family caregivers or dementia caregivers. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“The prevalence of depression in family caregivers of PWD has been reported as between 14.9% and 80% globally (Alfakhri et al., 2018; Hashimoto et al., 2013; Schoenmakers, Buntinx, & Delepeleire, 2010).”
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“10-12 As a result, caregivers who are depressed may inadvertently cause similar negative effects in those under their care.”
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“Dementia is a serious disease that involves progressive losses of cognition, memory, and social function (Alfakhri et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2016; Mcgilton et al., 2017).”
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“Women in Saudi culture are more involved in caregiving than men [59, 60], thus giving more consideration to health problems, such as dementia.”
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“In Poland, for example, respite care is difficult to access, psychological support for carers is limited, and support pathways are opaque and poorly coordinated [6,14–17].”
Cuidador Familiar de Idoso com Doença de Alzheimer: uma revisão integrativa
Mota, A. L. P., Aquino, C. S., & Batista, N. N. L. D. A. L. (2020) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v9i10.9373 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alcindor, M. L. (2022) · Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1136/ebnurs-2021-103511 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mindfulness and rumination: stress pathways for caregivers of persons living with dementia.
Savla, J., Mansoor, M., Kim, N., Hagemann, L., Luci, K., & Sapra, M. (2026) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnag103
“The PHQ-9 has been extensively validated among family caregivers, including those supporting persons with dementia (Alfakhri et al., 2018; Lou et al., 2015; Pinyopornpanish et al., 2021).”
Von Risiken zu Ressourcen bei Demenz und Depression im Alter
Spannhorst, S., Wittmiß, S., Schmid-Furstoss, U., & Kreisel, S. H. (2020) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/a-1182-2344
“Eine aktuelle Studie [2] zeigte eine Prävalenz von fast 15%.”
BackgroundInfluentialSystematic Medical Follow-Up of Patients with Dementia
Frederiksen, K. S., & Waldemar, G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77904-7_18
Expressed Emotion and Burdens of Care among Family Caregiver's of Patients with Dementia
Ewise, H. S., Osman, O. A. B., Fahmy, A. M., & Mahmoud, O. E. (2021) · Egyptian Journal of Health Care · doi:10.21608/ejhc.2021.191671
Does Enjoyment in Life Improve the Lipid Profile of Caregivers?
Hirano, A., Suzuki, Y., Hayashi, T., Ina, K., & Onishi, J. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Research · doi:10.26855/ijcemr.2021.10.014
“A number of studies that examined sex differences in caregiving reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and a higher risk for clinical depression in female caregivers compared to male caregivers [27].”
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“The research discussed in [2] that person who is taking care of AD patient also suffers from higher depression incidence.”
BackgroundThe Gains Associated With Caregiving (GAC) Scale: Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version
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Estimating the Risk of Depression and Care Burden among Dementia Caregivers: A Feasibility Study
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Psychometric Evaluation of the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 in Caregivers of Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
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- Authors
- Alfakhri, A. S., Alshudukhi, A. W., Alqahtani, A. A., Alhumaid, A. M., Alhathlol, O. A., Almojali, A. I., Alotaibi, M. A., & Alaqeel, M. K.
- Affiliations
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (SA)
- King Abdulaziz Medical City (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Alfakhri, Abdullelah S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-01-01
- Volume
- 55
- Pages
- 46958017750432-46958017750432
- ISSN
- 0046-9580 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7243
- PMC
- PMC5798670
- OpenAlex
- W2784946925
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 6.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
- Keywords
- caregiver depression, dementia caregivers, depressive symptoms, dementia severity, caregiver burden, health-related quality of life, depression prevalence, sex differences, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dementia, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Saudi Arabia, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Caregivers
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