Cited by 467Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsSurvey Methodology and Nonresponse

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Measuring Alcohol Consumption

Gmel, Gerhard, Rehm, Jürgen·2004·Contemporary Drug Problems

DOI 10.1177/009145090403100304

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Abstract

This article is an overview of different approaches to measuring alcohol consumption: self-reports and objective measures such as blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and aggregate level measures. These approaches are evaluated as regards their ability to capture quantity, frequency, volume and variability of drinking. This review focuses on self-report measures and on the current knowledge of undercoverage error when compared with sales data. In the comparative evaluation of measures, two analytical aims are examined: a) description and testing of differences across groups for which ordinal information is sufficient and b) establishment of cutoff points and risk relationships for which unbiased interval scale level is required. First, minimal differences were found between self-report measures when the recall period was sufficiently long enough. Second, prospective diaries appear to be stronger measures than retrospective recalls. However, prospective diaries commonly cover only short reporting periods and should be combined with simple retrospective measures to capture rare and infrequent drinking episodes. In regard to undercoverage, the discrepancy cannot be fully explained by non-response or concealment of consumption by drinkers. It is argued that undercoverage of sales data may be more related to sample frame defects–-e.g., the non-inclusion of particular subpopulations such as the homeless or institutionalized.

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Kelly, S. J., Ireland, M. J., & Mangan, J. (2016) · Sport in Society · doi:10.1080/17430437.2016.1221930 · Cited by 18
Reliability and Validity
Bühringer, G., & Sassen, M. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444318852.ch2 · Cited by 19
Short-term effects of announcing revised lower risk national drinking guidelines on related awareness and knowledge: a trend analysis of monthly survey data in England
Holmes, J., Brown, J., Meier, P. S., Beard, E., Michie, S., & Buykx, P. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013804 · Cited by 17
Assessment of alcoholic standard drinks using the Munich composite international diagnostic interview (M‐CIDI): An evaluation and subsequent revision
Kuitunen‐Paul, S., Rehm, J. T., Lachenmeier, D. W., Kadrić, F., Kuitunen, P. T., Wïttchen, H., & Manthey, J. (2017) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1563 · Cited by 17
“Standard drinks have been introduced as a uniformmeasure for alcoholic drinks, however, their definition varies considerably between countries and situations (Gmel & Rehm, 2004; Kerr & Stockwell, 2012; Mongan & Long, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Within- and Between-Subject Variation in Dietary Intake of Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharides, and Polyols Among Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Nybacka, S., Störsrud, S., Liljebo, T. M., Nevé, B. L., Törnblom, H., Simrén, M., & Winkvist, A. (2018) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzy101 · Cited by 17
“The largest variation was seen for alcohol intake, which is very much in line with previous research, and this emphasizes the difficulty in capturing alcohol intake at the individual level using only a few days of replicate recordings (35).”
Result
Spreading or Concentrating Drinking Occasions – Who Is Most at Risk?
Kuntsche, S., Plant, M. L., Plant, M. A., Miller, P., & Gmel, G. E. (2008) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000113721 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Quetiapine for the treatment of cocaine use disorder
Tapp, A. M., Wood, A. E., Kennedy, A., Sylvers, P. D., Kilzieh, N., & Saxon, A. J. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.037 · Cited by 17
Alcohol-attributable and alcohol-preventable mortality in Denmark: an analysis of which intake levels contribute most to alcohol’s harmful and beneficial effects
Eliasen, M., Becker, U., Grønbæk, M., Juel, K., & Tolstrup, J. S. (2013) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9855-2 · Cited by 15
“To account for this discrepancy between responders and non-responders, we upshifted the mean alcohol consumption from DHS by triangulating the DHS estimates with the adult per capita consumption from Statistics Denmark since this measure of consumption generally is considered to be the most accurate [16].”
Method
The BDNFp.Val66Met polymorphism, childhood trauma, and brain volumes in adolescents with alcohol abuse
Dalvie, S., Stein, D. J., Koenen, K. C., Cardenas, V. A., Cuzen, N. L., Ramesar, R., Fein, G., & Brooks, S. J. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0328-2 · Cited by 17
Behavioral Couples Treatment for Substance Use Disorder: Secondary Effects on the Reduction of Risk for Child Abuse
Kelley, M. L., Bravo, A. J., Braitman, A. L., Lawless, A. K., & Lawrence, H. R. (2015) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2015.11.008 · Cited by 17
The impact of school nonresponse on substance use prevalence estimates – Germany as a case study
Thrul, J., Pabst, A., & Kraus, L. (2015) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.06.005 · Cited by 17
Adolescents’ negative attitudes towards non-drinkers: A novel predictor of risky drinking
Regan, D., & Morrison, T. G. (2012) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105312464676 · Cited by 17
Self-reported physiological and psychological side-effects of an acute alcohol and energy drink dose
Peacock, A., Bruno, R., Martin, F. H., & Carr, A. R. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.003 · Cited by 16
Psychosocial school environment and health risk behaviours of adolescents in Bulgaria: results from multilevel analysis
Dimitrova, E., Kotzeva, T., & Alexandrova‐Karamanova, A. (2020) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-020-01482-4 · Cited by 16
Pre-game drinking among young adults and its association with positive and negative alcohol consequences
Calhoun, B. H., & Linden‐Carmichael, A. N. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107120 · Cited by 15
A comparison between two retrospective alcohol consumption measures and the daily drinking diary method with university students
Patterson, C., Hogan, L., & Cox, W. M. (2018) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2018.1514617 · Cited by 15
“drinking two units of alcohol on each day of the week; (2) drinking seven units twice a week; and (3) drinking 14 units once a week.”
BackgroundInfluential
The effect of acamprosate on alcohol craving and correlation with hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis hormones and beta-endorphin
Hammarberg, A., Nylander, I., Zhou, Q., Jayaram‐Lindström, N., Reid, M. S., & Franck, J. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.093 · Cited by 15
Alcohol Use Potentiates Marijuana Problem Severity in Young Adult Women
Stein, M. D., Caviness, C. M., & Anderson, B. J. (2014) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2013.10.005 · Cited by 15
Alcohol addiction and the mu-opioid receptor
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The Impact of Alcohol Sponsorship in Sport Upon University Sportspeople
Kelly, S. J., Ireland, M. J., Alpert, F. H., & Mangan, J. (2014) · Journal of Sport Management · doi:10.1123/jsm.2013-0078 · Cited by 14
Practices in alcohol education among Finnish parents: Have there been changes between 2006 and 2012?
Raitasalo, K., & Holmila, M. J. (2016) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2016.1183587 · Cited by 16
The burden of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality in Ottawa, Canada
Willmore, J., Marko, T.-L., Taing, D., & Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185457 · Cited by 14
Sex differences in at-risk drinking and associated factors–a cross-sectional study of 8,616 community-dwelling adults 60 years and older: the Tromsø study, 2015-16
Stelander, L. T., Høye, A., Bramness, J. G., Wynn, R., & Grønli, O. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-02842-w · Cited by 14
“Underreporting in studies based on self-reporting questionnaires, as in our study, is often considered a problem [58].”
Background
Using the alcohol use disorders identification test to predict hospital admission for alcohol‐related conditions in the Danish general population: a record‐linkage study
Brummer, J., Bloomfield, K., Karriker‐Jaffe, K. J., Pedersen, M. M., & Hesse, M. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16034 · Cited by 14
Association between lifestyle choices and mental health among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
Ghali, H., Ghammem, R., Baccouche, I., Hamrouni, M., Jedidi, N., Smaali, H., Earbi, S., Hajji, B., Kastalli, A., Khalifa, H., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274525 · Cited by 14
“While there is an on-going debate about the validity of self-reported alcohol consumption compared to objective data, recent studies conclude that self-report can reliably estimate alcohol consumption in low to moderate drinkers [31].”
Result
Opioid Addicted Buprenorphine Injectors: Drug Use During and After 12-Weeks of Buprenorphine–Naloxone or Methadone in the Republic of Georgia
Piralishvili, G., Otiashvili, D., Sikharulidze, Z., Kamkamidze, G., Poole, S. A., & WOODY, G. E. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.10.003 · Cited by 14
Social disparities in alcohol's harm to others: evidence from 32 European countries
Kilian, C., Manthey, J., Braddick, F., López‐Pelayo, H., & Rehm, J. T. (2023) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104079 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Re-examining the theory about the collectivity of changes in alcohol consumption
Rehm, J. T. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12644 · Cited by 13
“the rate to which surveys cover the consumption in a jurisdiction as measured by sales [20]), with the hypothesis that coverage rates would go down if per capita consumption goes down.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Differential effects of past-year stimulant and sedative drug use on alcohol-related aggression
Giancola, P. R., & Parrott, D. J. (2005) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.02.011 · Cited by 13

Authors: Gmel, G., & Rehm, J.
Affiliations: Addiction Switzerland (CH)
University of Toronto (CA)
ORCID: Gmel, Gerhard
Rehm, Jürgen
Venue: Contemporary Drug Problems
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2004-09
Volume: 31
Issue: 3
Pages: 467-540
ISSN: 0091-4509 (ISSN-L)
2163-1808
DOI: 10.1177/009145090403100304
OpenAlex: W268934328
Cited by: 466
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 17.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Contemporary Drug Problems (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Keywords: alcohol consumption measurement, self-report measures, blood alcohol concentration, sales data, retrospective recall, drinking frequency, drinking quantity

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Measuring Alcohol Consumption

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