The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
User Control and Structural Isomorphism or Disorientation and Cognitive Load?: Learning From the Web Versus Print
Abstract
User control theory predicts that providing freedom in learning increases learning compared to traditional instruction, implying that the Web is more effective for learning than print. Theorists have also argued that navigation through Web sites mimics the associative nature of human memory and information processing—structural isomorphism—suggesting Web superiority. However, studies indicate that hypermedia increases cognitive load and produces disorientation, implying that hypermedia increases cognitive load and produces disorientation, implying that the Web would be less effective for learning than would print. An experiment comparing learning in print versus several Web site designs demonstrated that learning from print as measured by recognition is better than learning from linear and nonlinear Web designs but no different from a design including advisement. No significant differences across media conditions were found using cued recall as the measure of learning. Additional findings suggest that cognitive load inhibits learning, whereas Web expertise facilitates it. Curiously, a learning motivation tended to reduce learning.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
(2025) · doi:10.53555/acr.v2i2 · Cited by 13,264
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566
Engineering Psychology and Human Performance
Wickens, C. D., Hollands, J. G., Banbury, S., & Parasuraman, R. (2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315665177 · Cited by 4,982
Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.
Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0020071 · Cited by 4,540
Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation
Schunk, D. H. (1991) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.1991.9653133 · Cited by 4,292
Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words in Episodic Memory
Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268 · Cited by 4,121
Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications
Anderson, J. R. (2014) · Cited by 4,121
Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications
Rabkin, L. Y. (1987) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1987.41.1.146 · Cited by 3,187
Bush, V. (1945) · Cited by 2,998
Cited by
Reading behavior in the digital environment: Changes in reading behavior over the past ten years
Liu, Z. (2005) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/00220410510632040 · Cited by 664
EVELAND, W. P. (2001) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365001028005001 · Cited by 499
Self-citationCommunication in virtual teams: a conceptual framework and research agenda
Marlow, S. L., Lacerenza, C. N., & Salas, E. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.005 · Cited by 291
Turner-McGrievy, G., & Tate, D. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1841 · Cited by 263
Turner-McGrievy, G. M., Campbell, M. K., Tate, D. F., Truesdale, K. P., Bowling, J. M., & Crosby, L. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.010 · Cited by 112
Metadata
- Authors
- EVELAND, W. P., & DUNWOODY, S.
- Venue
- Communication Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 48-78
- ISSN
- 0093-6502 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3810
- OpenAlex
- W2114174143
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 96
- FWCI
- 12.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: User Control and Structural Isomorphism or Disorientation and Cognitive Load?: Learning From the Web Versus Print. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/009365001028001002
- The paper
- EVELAND, W. P., & DUNWOODY, S. (2001). User Control and Structural Isomorphism or Disorientation and Cognitive Load?: Learning From the Web Versus Print. Communication Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365001028001002
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
