The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Information and Expression in a Digital Age: Modeling Internet Effects on Civic Participation
Abstract
This article examines the role of the Internet as a source of political information and a sphere for public expression. Informational media use, whether traditional news sources or online public affairs content, is expected to foster interpersonal political discussion and online civic messaging, contributing to increased civic participation. Using two-wave national panel survey data, three types of synchronous structural equation models are tested: cross sectional (relating individual differences), fixed effects (relating intraindividual change), and auto regressive (relating aggregate change). All models reveal that online media complement traditional media to foster political discussion and civic messaging. These two forms of political expression, in turn, influence civic participation. Other variable orderings are tested to compare the theorized model to alternative causal specifications. Results reveal that the model produces the best fit, empirically and theoretically, with the influence of the Internet, rivaling the mobilizing power of traditional modes of information and expression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Putnam, R. (2000) · doi:10.1145/358916.361990 · Cited by 17,114
Olson, M. (1965) · doi:10.4159/9780674041660 · Cited by 14,191
Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital
Putnam, R. D. (1995) · Journal of Democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.1995.0002 · Cited by 14,037
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion
Zaller, J. R. (1992) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511818691 · Cited by 7,785 · cited 4×
“The treatment of information seeking as antecedent to these other variables is consistent with a large body of theoretical and empirical work on the mobilizing potential of media advanced in political science, sociology, and communication (Almond & Verba, 1963; Coleman, 1990; Delli Carpini & Keeter, 1996; Habermas, 19…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialModernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies
Inglehart, R. (1997) · doi:10.1515/9780691214429 · Cited by 5,392
Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.9.1017 · Cited by 4,793
The Consequences of Cross-Cutting Networks for Political Participation
Mutz, D. C. (2002) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/3088437 · Cited by 1,265 · cited 3×
“The assumption is that individuals who discuss politics frequently are exposed to a wider range of political perspectives, and this exposure increases their interest in politics, their opinion quality, and their social tolerance (Mutz, 2002a).”
BackgroundInfluentialCross-cutting Social Networks: Testing Democratic Theory in Practice
MUTZ, D. C. (2002) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055402004264 · Cited by 1,069
Sociability, Interpersonal Relations, and the Internet: Reconciling Conflicting Findings
NIE, N. H. (2001) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027640121957277 · Cited by 803
Facilitating Communication across Lines of Political Difference: The Role of Mass Media
Mutz, D. C. (2001) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055401000223 · Cited by 700
Cited by
Good News for the Future? Young People, Internet Use, and Political Participation
Bakker, T. P., & de Vreese, C. H. (2011) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650210381738 · Cited by 594
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Weeks, B., & Ardèvol-Abreu, A. (2017) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12185 · Cited by 594
Media effects: theory and research
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Walther, J. B. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033608 · Cited by 536
Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review
Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., Goh, D., & Pang, N. (2016) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444815616221 · Cited by 429
Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Nah, S., Gotlieb, M. R., Hwang, H., Lee, N.-J., Scholl, R. M., & McLeod, D. M. (2007) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00363.x · Cited by 384
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W. P., & Kwak, N.
- Venue
- Communication Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 531-565
- ISSN
- 0093-6502 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3810
- OpenAlex
- W2143543430
- Cited by
- 960
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 85.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Information and Expression in a Digital Age: Modeling Internet Effects on Civic Participation. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/0093650205279209
- The paper
- Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W. P., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and Expression in a Digital Age: Modeling Internet Effects on Civic Participation. Communication Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650205279209
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
