The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 76 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships Between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use, and Adolescents’ Depressed Mood
Open accessAbstract
Although a variety of studies have examined the predictors or outcomes of adolescents’ social networking site use, these studies did not incorporate (1) an integrated, longitudinal approach to examine these relationships longitudinally in a single comprehensive model or (2) a differential approach to distinguish between different types of social networking site use. Therefore, this two-wave panel study ( N = 1,612) developed an integrated and differential model to provide a deeper understanding of the relationships among loneliness, specific types of Facebook use, and adolescents’ depressed mood. Using structural equation modeling, the results point to the presence of a poor-get-richer effect regarding active public Facebook use but reveal a poor-get-poorer effect regarding passive Facebook use. The discussion focuses on the explanation and understanding of these findings.
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Claims the paper makes
56 Not checked yet · 38 Own interpretation · 23 Own result · 20 Own method · 6 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“results showed that perceived friend support at Time 2 was negatively associated with adolescents' avoidant coping at Time 2, β = -.08,B = -.03,SE = .01,p < .01.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Testing Hypothesized Model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which in turn positively predicted adolescents' perceptions of friend support at Time 2, β = .17,B = .19,SE = .04,p < .001.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Testing Hypothesized Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“active private Facebook use at Time 1 increased adolescents' perceptions of friend support at Time 2 (Hypothesis 6)”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“perceived friend support at Time 2 both directly, β = -.10,B = -.04,SE = .01,p < .001,and indirectly, negatively predicted adolescents' depressed mood at Time 2.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Testing Hypothesized Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“emotional loneliness at Time 1 increased adolescents' avoidant coping at Time 2, β = .09,B = .06,SE = .02,p = .01”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Testing Hypothesized Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, results found no support for a significant relationship between active public Facebook use at Time 1 and adolescents' perceptions of friend support at Time 2.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Testing Hypothesized Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All paths are significant at p < .05.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Additional information
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the total indirect effect of loneliness on adolescents' depressed mood, through public Facebook use, positive public Facebook feedback, perceived friend support, and avoidant coping was also significant (-.00003 = .10* .09* 17 * -.08 * .27;p < .05).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Testing indirect effects.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“results showed that emotional loneliness at Time 1 positively predicted adolescents' passive Facebook use at Time 1, β = .07,B = .11,SE = .05,p < .05”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Testing Hypothesized Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and adolescents' active public Facebook use at Time 1, β = .10,B = .17,SE = .05,p < .001.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Testing Hypothesized Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 38
- Probably not a substantial claim. 52
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although loneliness positively predicted both adolescents' passive Facebook use and active public Facebook use, the longitudinal impact of using Facebook in these ways significantly differed.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Whereas active Facebook use leads to positive outcomes in the long run, passive Facebook use revealed a more harmful impact on adolescents' well-being.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“although loneliness stimulates both the posting and reading of wall posts, the impact of using Facebook in such ways is anything but similar, with posting leading to positive outcomes and reading leading to negative outcomes.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which in turn, both directly and indirectly through avoidant coping, negatively predicted adolescents' depressed mood.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Vanhalst et al. (2012) showed that passive coping, but not active coping, mediated the association between loneliness and depressive symptoms.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness, Avoidant Coping, and Adolescents' Depressed Mood
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vanhalst et al. (2012)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given these possibilities, it is likely to expect differences between Facebook users with respect to the level of publicness of”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > The Role of Specific Types of Facebook Use
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This approach argues that audiences actively select media and media content to satisfy their individual needs.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Katz et al., 1973
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“As found for television use, Facebook could be similarly capable of distracting users from their daily distress (Papacharissi & Mendelson, 2011) because it offers users a wide range of possibilities to passively fill their time and could, therefore, especially attract lonely individuals.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Papacharissi & Mendelson, 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“U&G theory examines how individuals use media, including social media, to fulfill their personal needs.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Katz et al., 1973
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“with Facebook being the most popular and frequently used social media platform among teens.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lenhart, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the mixed findings with regard to the potential outcomes of adolescents' social media use could be further explained by the focus of previous studies on direct social media effects.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“For example, Ryan and Xenos (2011) reported a positive correlation between loneliness and Internet users' preferences for passive engagement on Facebook (e.g., groups, fan pages).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ryan and Xenos (2011)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although researchers agree that SNSs are widely integrated into young people's lives, scholars disagree about the predictors and outcomes of the adolescents' Facebook use.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, time on Facebook can be filled by interacting with other Facebook users in a public setting (e.g., sharing a photo with all Facebook friends), a semi-public setting (e.g., sharing a photo with a specific group of Facebook friends) or a private setting (i.e., chatting with a specific Facebook friend).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > The Role of Specific Types of Facebook Use
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Second, studies have reported that lonely adolescents often struggle with their identity and self-concept (e.g., Sippola & Bukowski, 1999) and report lower levels of perceived social competence (e.g., DiTommaso, Brannen-McNulty, Ross, & Burgess, 2003).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sippola & Bukowski, 1999
- Not checked yetcites DiTommaso, Brannen-McNulty, Ross, & Burgess, 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although studies have demonstrated that loneliness and depressive symptoms are interrelated, they are conceptually distinct (Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006), with loneliness being a more consistent predictor of depressive symptoms than vice versa (Vanhalst et al., 2012).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness, Avoidant Coping, and Adolescents' Depressed Mood
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Vanhalst et al., 2012
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the literature review of Heinrich and Gullone (2006), lonely people tend to passively cope with their feelings of loneliness because they tend to believe that they are powerless to change their situation and are thus more likely to avoid the problem.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness, Avoidant Coping, and Adolescents' Depressed Mood
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heinrich and Gullone (2006)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Avoidant coping (i.e., cognitive or behavioral attempts to deny and minimize the problem) in particular has frequently been examined as an outcome of loneliness (e.g., Heinrich & Gullone, 2006) and a predictor of depressive symptoms (e.g., Calvete, Camara, Estevez, & Villardón, 2011).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness, Avoidant Coping, and Adolescents' Depressed Mood
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heinrich & Gullone, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Calvete, Camara, Estevez, & Villardón, 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, individuals with specific psychological characteristics, such as a high level of loneliness, could seek different gratifications from the media compared with people who do not have to cope with feelings of loneliness.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, research has shown that lonely individuals perceive themselves as being incapable of changing their situation (e.g., Heinrich & Gullone, 2006) and thus prefer avoidant coping strategies rather than problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., Vanhalst et al., 2012).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heinrich & Gullone, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Vanhalst et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Early research found that greater loneliness was associated with higher levels of passive television use (e.g., Perse & Rubin, 1990).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perse & Rubin, 1990
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sheldon (2008) found that college students who were anxious or felt fear in their face-to-face communication used Facebook more to pass time and relieve their lonely feelings.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sheldon (2008)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Facebook, however, offers their users a wide variety of opportunities, which range from wall posting to news-feed reading (e.g., Burke, 2011).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burke, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“According to this theory, individuals are driven by a desire to evaluate their opinions and abilities.In the absence of an objective base for comparison, this self-evaluation motive is served through comparison with (similar) others.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Festinger, 1954
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we expect that social support perceptions play an important role in maintaining individuals' psychological health because they can either directly or indirectly, through the choice of a specific coping strategy, decrease individuals' depressive symptoms.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More specifically, when social support is needed, some adolescents turn to close ties, such as friends or family (Bokhorst, Sumter, & Westenberg, 2010), but others might turn to weak ties because they are expected to have more experience and information about certain problems compared with strong ties.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bokhorst, Sumter, & Westenberg, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This model argues that the reduced cues of CMC allow users to carefully select information that they prefer to present.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walther's (1996)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Given that a Facebook network consists of both strong and weak ties, Facebook is a perfect source of social support when such support is needed (Frison & Eggermont, 2015a).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frison & Eggermont, 2015a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: A Facebook network consists of both strong and weak ties.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We believe that this broadcasting and association could increase adolescents' social support perceptions.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although some have reported positive associations between the time spent on Facebook (Akbulut & Günüç, 2012), Facebook intensity (Liu & Yu, 2013), having a family member on Facebook (Vitak, Ellison, & Steinfield, 2011) and young people's level of perceived social support, others have found no empirical support for such a relationship (Oh, Ozkaya, & LaRose, 2014).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Akbulut & Günüç, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Liu & Yu, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Vitak, Ellison, & Steinfield, 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Therefore, public Facebook features are expected to especially attract lonely individuals because these individuals often show deficits in social skills (e.g., Schinka, Van Dulmen, Mata, Bossarte, & Swahn, 2013) and therefore find it highly important to have ample time to select what to post and to have the possibility to edit this information, once it has been posted.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schinka, Van Dulmen, Mata, Bossarte, & Swahn, 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Public Facebook conversations are asynchronous.
- Rests on an assumption: Messages sent through private Facebook channels cannot be edited after they are sent.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research has shown that Facebook communication (Burke, 2011), social information-seeking behaviors on Facebook (Ellison et al., 2011), and the public posting of mobilization requests on Facebook (Ellison et al., 2014) are positively associated with individuals' social capital.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burke, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Ellison et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Ellison et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Scholars (e.g., Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2011;Ellison & Vitak, 2015;Vitak & Ellison, 2012) argue that these Facebook affordances could, in turn, affect users' social support perceptions.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Ellison & Vitak, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Vitak & Ellison, 2012
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although several studies have reported a negative relationship between nonsocial SNS use and young people's well-being (e.g., Wang, Jackson, Gaskin, & Wang, 2014), the relationship between passive Facebook use and individuals' social support perceptions is less clear.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang, Jackson, Gaskin, & Wang, 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We therefore suggest that broadcasting and association, which are typical for active Facebook use, might lower the barriers for connecting with strong and/or weak ties, which in turn could positively affect users' perceptions of social support.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that the public Facebook platform can offer lonely users new opportunities for satisfying these specific needs.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At baseline, 55% of the participants were boys, and 45% were girls, with a mean age of 14.30 years (SD = 1.43).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Method Sample and Participant Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, perceiving social support could also indirectly heighten adolescents' wellbeing, as scholars (e.g., Aldwin, 2007) have suggested that perceiving social support could facilitate adaptive coping, which in turn could enhance adolescents' well-being.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aldwin, 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“because incorporating antecedents and outcomes into a single comprehensive model might offer a better representation of the data compared with considering single processes alone.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A two-wave panel study with a 6-month interval was conducted among 12-to 19year-old adolescents.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Method Sample and Participant Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 1,866 students completed the questionnaire at baseline, and 1,840 students participated in wave 2.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Method Sample and Participant Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The hyperpersonal model (Walther, 1996) further suggests that the asynchronous nature of CMC allows time to compose and edit information.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walther, 1996
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approval for the study procedures was received from the institutional review board of the host university.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Method Sample and Participant Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The asynchrony of public Facebook conversations allows users to carefully think over and select what to post as well as to edit this information after it has been posted, whereas messages sent through private Facebook channels cannot be edited once they have been sent.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Loneliness and Facebook use: A Uses & Gratifications Approach
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Public Facebook conversations are asynchronous.
- Rests on an assumption: Messages sent through private Facebook channels cannot be edited after they are sent.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We, however, especially believe that while some Facebook affordances could enable users to passively use Facebook and could thus harm their perceptions of social support, other affordances could enable users to actively use Facebook to request social support, which could increase their perceptions of social support.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, prior studies that address the relationship between Facebook use and adolescents' perceptions of social support have reported rather inconsistent findings.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While passive Facebook activities could enable users to easily access and search Facebook content, actively using Facebook could facilitate the visibility and broadcasting of (edited) Facebook content, which could connect users with each other.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the main effects model of social support (Cohen & Wills, 1985), social support perceptions can directly enhance an individual's sense of well-being, regardless of the experienced amount of stress.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen & Wills, 1985
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 1,612 students completed the questionnaire for both waves (86% of the first wave).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Method Sample and Participant Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite empirical evidence that reports that there is a significant impact of general types of Facebook use on individuals' levels of perceived social support (e.g., Akbulut & Günüç, 2012;Liu & Yu, 2013), few studies have investigated the specific impact of passive Facebook use.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Akbulut & Günüç, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Liu & Yu, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a similar impact of active Facebook use on teens' perceived level of social support is likely.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While Facebook users' passive consumption was found to be negatively related to bridging social capital (Burke, Marlow, & Lento, 2010;Burke, 2011), this passive Facebook use was unrelated to users' levels of social support (Burke, 2011).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Facebook Use and Perceived Social Support: An Affordance-Based Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burke, Marlow, & Lento, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Burke, 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings reveal that status updating and wall posting are valuable Facebook tools for lonely adolescents to improve their well-being, under the condition that their posts are accompanied by positive public feedback.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Active Public Facebook Use: a Poor-get-Richer Effect
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Given that the bootstrapping method does not allow the sample to include missing values, multiple imputation was performed (Honaker & King, 2010).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Honaker & King, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We controlled for the baseline values of the participants' gender, age, and daily time spent on Facebook, by adding them as predictors for all of the hypothesized endogenous variables in our model (i.e., types of Facebook activities at Time 1, perceived friend support at Time 2, avoidant coping at Time 2 and depressed mood at Time 2).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all of our constructs were measured with self-reports, which could underestimate the participants' actual well-being and could cause shared method variance.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“de Jong-Gierveld (1987) distinguished between emotional and social loneliness, whereas DiTommaso and Spinner (1993) identified family, romantic and social loneliness.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Jong-Gierveld, 1987
- Not checked yetcites DiTommaso & Spinner, 1993
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Various scholars (e.g., DiTommaso & Spinner, 1993) conceptualized loneliness as a multidimensional phenomenon.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DiTommaso & Spinner, 1993
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings are also in line with empirical studies that show that negative feedback decreased adolescents' well-being (e.g., Valkenburg et al., 2006), while positive feedback enhanced adolescents' social capital (e.g., Lee et al., 2014).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Active Public Facebook Use: a Poor-get-Richer Effect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Valkenburg et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Lee et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, although no support was found for a significant association between loneliness and adolescents' active private Facebook use, the findings did reveal a positive impact of active private Facebook use on adolescents' perceptions of friend support over a period of 6 months.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Active Public Facebook Use: a Poor-get-Richer Effect
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“were satisfactory, ranging between .549 and .947.No crossloadings were reported.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Types of Facebook use.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we only included the 89% of respondents (N = 1,423) who had a Facebook account at Time 1 and Time 2 in our analyses.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Descriptive Statistics
plainn = 1,423- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding was in line with our expectations that private Facebook features (i.e., private or instant messaging) can facilitate broadcasting (i.e., the ability to distribute content) and association (i.e., the ability to connect), which in turn could stimulate connections with strong and weak ties, subsequently facilitating the request for social support when needed and thus positively impacting”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Active Public Facebook Use: a Poor-get-Richer Effect
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, differences are also likely to occur within Facebook users and may depend on the content of what the user aims to communicate.”
- Also stated in: § Limitations · hedged
“users could vary in their level of publicness for their Facebook profile and Facebook communication.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The level of publicness of Facebook communication can be easily managed because users can switch between private and public platforms and restrict visibility.
- Also stated in: § Limitations · hedged
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the study is limited by the fact that we cannot rule out that other mediators or moderators could modulate our hypothesized relationships.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The insignificant relationship between emotional loneliness and active private Facebook use might therefore suggest that other types of loneliness could be more relevant predictors of adolescents' active private Facebook use than emotional loneliness.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Next, the item scores were summed and divided by the total number of items (r = .39,p < .001) .”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Receiving positive public Facebook feedback.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our current associations would likely be even stronger when attrition would be absent because the participants who dropped out were more lonely, perceived less social support and felt more depressed.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, a private Facebook setting can offer adolescent users a safe and confidential environment.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Active Public Facebook Use: a Poor-get-Richer Effect
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we added prior values as control variables.More specifically, perceived friend support at Time 1 predicted the perceived friend support at Time 2, avoidant coping at Time 1 predicted the avoidant coping at Time 2, and depressed mood at Time 1 predicted the depressed mood at Time 2.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This insignificant relationship between loneliness and adolescents' active private Facebook use could be because we focused on a specific type of loneliness, i.e., emotional loneliness.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“similar patterns of attrition have been examined in prior studies (de Graaf, Bijl, Smit, Ravelli, & Vollebergh, 2000).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Graaf, Bijl, Smit, Ravelli, & Vollebergh, 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A fourth limitation refers to the lack of focus on the level of publicness in the operationalization of the measurement of public Facebook use.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Status updates posted on a private Facebook profile are semi-public, whereas those posted on a public profile are fully public.
- Rests on an assumption: The level of publicness of Facebook communication can be easily managed because users can switch between private and public platforms and restrict visibility.
In the paper
“Ryan and Xenos (2011) reported a significant negative correlation between social loneliness and the preference for active social contributions on Facebook, but nonsignificant associations with romantic and family loneliness.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ryan and Xenos, 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loneliness could be differently related to adolescents' Facebook activities, which in turn could differently predict adolescents' wellbeing.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Friends and family members are important sources of social support (Bokhorst et al., 2010).”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Active Public Facebook Use: a Poor-get-Richer Effect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bokhorst et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the present study adds to the current literature by showing that public Facebook use at Time 1 positively predicted the receiving of positive feedback at Time 1, which in turn enhanced adolescents' perceptions of friend support at Time 2.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Active Public Facebook Use: a Poor-get-Richer Effect
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Public Facebook conversations are asynchronous.
“The asynchrony of public Facebook conversations allows users to carefully think over and select what to post as well as to edit this information after it has been posted, whereas messages sent through private Facebook channels cannot be edited once they have been sent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Messages sent through private Facebook channels cannot be edited after they are sent.
“whereas messages sent through private Facebook channels cannot be edited once they have been sent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A Facebook network consists of both strong and weak ties.
“Given that a Facebook network consists of both strong and weak ties, Facebook is a perfect source of social support when such support is needed (Frison & Eggermont, 2015a).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed longitudinal associations reflect causal effects of Facebook use on friend support and depressed mood, rather than reverse causation or unmeasured confounding.
“passive Facebook use at Time 1 decreased adolescents' perceptions of friend support at Time 2”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported Facebook use and feedback accurately reflect adolescents' actual behavior.
“The participants completed four questions about their time spent on Facebook.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Missing data are missing at random, so multiple imputation yields valid estimates.
“multiple imputation was performed (Honaker & King, 2010).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The six-month interval is sufficient to capture the causal lag between Facebook use and changes in friend support and depressed mood.
“A two-wave panel study with a 6-month interval was conducted among 12-to 19year-old adolescents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of Flemish adolescents is representative enough to generalize the findings to adolescents broadly.
“which is representative of the overall Flemish secondary school population (45%; Flemish Department of Education, 2015).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Positive public feedback on Facebook is perceived positively by adolescents.
“At Time 2, adolescents received regularly positive public feedback on Facebook (M = 4.57, SD = 1.62).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The unidirectional paths from loneliness to Facebook use at Time 1 are correctly specified.
“emotional loneliness at Time 1 positively predicted adolescents' passive Facebook use at Time 1”
The paper relies on this without support.
Status updates posted on a private Facebook profile are semi-public, whereas those posted on a public profile are fully public.
“status updates that are posted on a private Facebook profile are semi-public, whereas those posted on a public profile are fully public.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The level of publicness of Facebook communication can be easily managed because users can switch between private and public platforms and restrict visibility.
“the level of publicness of Facebook communication can be simply managed because Facebook users can easily switch between the private and public Facebook platforms (or use them simultaneously) and can restrict what information is visible to others within the public platform.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some findings have suggested that SMU has negative implications for mental health when used passively (e.g., scrolling), but potentially improves well-being when used actively (e.g., posting, direct messaging; Deters and Mehl, 2013; Escobar-Viera et al., 2018; Frison and Eggermont, 2020).”
From Investigating the links between objective social media use, attentional control, and psychological distress (2024) · cites this paper as Frison and Eggermont, 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“F(1, 1773) = 5.18, p < .01”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Method Sample and Participant Selection
Reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .023
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“F(8, 1380) = 3.23, p < .001”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Method Sample and Participant Selection
Reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .001
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upF(8, 1380) = 3.23reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .001
“F(8, 1380) = 3.23, p < .001”
- Doesn’t add upF(1, 1773) = 5.18reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .023
“F(1, 1773) = 5.18, p < .01”
- ConsistentF(1, 1795) = 10.43reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .001
“F(1, 1795) = 10.43,p = .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 1840) = 11.61reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1, 1840) = 11.61,p = .001”
- ConsistentF(5, 1086) = 3.49reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .004
“F(5, 1086) = 3.49, p < .01”
- ConsistentF(10, 2174) = 13.28reported p = 0 · recomputed p < .001
“F(10, 2174) = 13.28,p = .000”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Method Sample and Participant Selection
“higher on perceived friend support (M = 5.86; SD = 1.14 versus M = 5.59; SD = 1.40)”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Perceived friend support.
“On a 5-point scale that ranged from Strongly disagree (=1) to Strongly agree (= 5), the respondents evaluated four items (e.g., "When you are feeling down or in a difficult situation … my friends really try to help me") (α = .94).By summing the item scores and dividing the sum by the total number of items, an estimate of the adolescents' perceptions of friend support was created.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Testing Hypothesized Model
“Avoidant coping at Time 2, in turn, was negatively related with adolescents' depressed mood at Time 2, β = .27,B = .22,SE = .03,p < .001.”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Testing Hypothesized Model
“which in turn positively predicted adolescents' depressed mood at Time 2.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Testing Hypothesized Model
“public Facebook use at Time 1 increased receiving positive public Facebook feedback at Time 2, β = .09,B = .07,SE = .03,p < .05”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Active Public Facebook Use: a Poor-get-Richer Effect
“public Facebook use at Time 1 positively predicted the receiving of positive feedback at Time 1, which in turn enhanced adolescents' perceptions of friend support at Time 2.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Conclusions
“5. Positive public FB feedback (T1)”
§ Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood > Conclusions
“| Positive public FB feedback | 1 | 7 | 4.24 (1.58) 4.84 (1.33) 4.66 (.10) | 4.50 (.06) | 4.53 (.25) | | | | (T2) | | | | | | | |”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Frison, E., & Eggermont, S.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Eggermont, Steven
- Venue
- Communication Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-12-03
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 701-728
- ISSN
- 0093-6502 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3810
- OpenAlex
- W2259768013
- Semantic Scholar
- dc0547ae06e8f6f4a32cbdf5476373931733811a
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 27.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lirias.kuleuven.be
- Locations
- Communication Research (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- loneliness, Facebook use, adolescents, depressive mood, social networking sites
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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