Are different Risk Factors Associated with Moderate and Severe Stalking Violence?: Examining Factors From the Integrated Theoretical Model of Stalking Violence
Abstract
This study investigated risk factors from the integrated theoretical model of stalking violence (ITMSV) with 703 participants classified as relational stalkers from South-East Queensland (Australia). Participants completed a self-report perpetration questionnaire assessing (a) relational stalking, (b) stalking violence (no/moderate/severe), and (c) predisposing (sociocultural, psychological, historical) and contextual (intentions, triggering events, disinhibitors) risk factors. Findings supported key propositions from the ITMSV. Severely violent stalkers were characterized by a greater number, and more severe types, of predisposing factors than moderately violent or nonviolent stalkers. The importance of contextual factors was supported in relation to moderate and severe stalking violence. Combining predisposing and contextual factors resulted in strong predictions of moderate and severe stalking violence. These findings highlight the pertinence of differentiating moderate and severe stalking violence and combining predisposing and contextual factors in assessments of risk.
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Victims of intimate partner stalkers are at the greatest risk, with an estimated 42% to 81% having experienced violence by their perpetrator.
“Victims of intimate partner stalkers are at the greatest risk, with an estimated 42% to 81% of these individuals having experienced violence by their perpetrator, (McEwan et al., 2007; Thompson et al., 2013)”
From Police-Identified Psychological Distress, Substance Use, and Physical Violence Among Male Intimate Partner Stalkers (2025) · cites this paper as Thompson et al., 2013
Thompson et al. (2013) found illicit drug use increased the risk of severe but not moderate intimate partner stalking violence.
“Still, results support suggestions by Thompson et al. (2013), for further research following their finding that illicit drug use increased the risk of severe but not moderate intimate partner stalking violence.”
From Police-Identified Psychological Distress, Substance Use, and Physical Violence Among Male Intimate Partner Stalkers (2025) · cites this paper as Thompson et al., 2013
Different risk factors are associated with moderate versus severe intimate partner stalking violence.
“despite evidence that different risk factors are associated with moderate (e.g., grabbing, slapping) versus severe (e.g., choking, using a knife against someone) intimate partner stalking violence (James & Farnham, 2003; Sheridan & Roberts, 2011; Thompson et al., 2013).”
From Police-Identified Psychological Distress, Substance Use, and Physical Violence Among Male Intimate Partner Stalkers (2025) · cites this paper as Thompson et al., 2013
The positive relationship between moderate violence and a police-identified history of drug use contrasts with previous research.
“The positive relationship between moderate violence and a police-identified history of drug use contrasts with previous research (Bendlin & Sheridan, 2021; Thompson et al., 2013)”
From Police-Identified Psychological Distress, Substance Use, and Physical Violence Among Male Intimate Partner Stalkers (2025) · cites this paper as Thompson et al., 2013
The finding that stalking violence was not significantly predicted by a police-identified history of alcohol use is congruent with existing studies.
“yet the finding that stalking violence was not significantly predicted by a police-identified history of alcohol use is congruent with existing studies (Bendlin & Sheridan, 2021; James & Farnham, 2003; Thompson et al. 2013).”
From Police-Identified Psychological Distress, Substance Use, and Physical Violence Among Male Intimate Partner Stalkers (2025) · cites this paper as Thompson et al. 2013
Cites
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Risk Factors for Femicide in Abusive Relationships: Results From a Multisite Case Control Study
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The state of the art of stalking: Taking stock of the emerging literature
Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (2007) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.05.001 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
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“The behaviors were not required to induce victim fear as perpetrators tend to have little insight into the effect of their intrusions on the victim (Davis et al., 2000; LanghinrichsenRohling, Palarea, Cohen, & Rohling, 2000; Sinclair & Frieze, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodGoldenson, J., Geffner, R., Foster, S. L., & Clipson, C. R. (2007) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/088667007782312186 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Convergence of Narcissism Measures From the Perspective of General Personality Functioning
Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2008) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191108314278 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
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Landwehr, E., Roberts, L., Garratt-Reed, D., & Maxwell-Smith, C. (2025) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x241228977 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Thompson, C. M., Dennison, S. M., & Stewart, A. L.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- Venue
- Criminal Justice and Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-06-18
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 850-880
- ISSN
- 0093-8548 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3594
- OpenAlex
- W2069119497
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 6.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Criminal Justice and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Keywords
- stalking, risk factors, predisposing factors, contextual factors, risk assessment, perpetration
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