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Social Identities, Group Norms, and Threat: On the Malleability of Ingroup Bias
Abstract
Ingroup bias is one of the most basic intergroup phenomena and has been consistently demonstrated to be increased under conditions of existential threat. In the present research the authors question the omnipresence of ingroup bias under threat and test the assumptions that these effects depend on the content of social identity and group norm salient in a situation. In the first two studies cross-categorization and recategorization manipulations eliminated and even reversed mortality salience effects on bias in relations between English and Scottish students (Study 1) as well as English and French people (Study 2). In the third study the specific normative content of a given social identity (collectivism vs. individualism) was shown to moderate mortality salience effects on ingroup bias. The results of these studies suggest a social identity perspective on terror management processes.
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In the citing paper
“Instead, people may contradict norms when they feel pressured to conform (see research on reactance; Miron & Brehm, 2006), do not identify—or even disidentify—with the reference group or conventional society (e.g., Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011), want to stress individuality after experiences of depersonalization (Brewer, 1991), or perceive injunctive and descriptive norms to contradict each other”
From Do Salient Social Norms Moderate Mortality Salience Effects? A (Challenging) Meta-Analysis of Terror Management Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011
In the citing paper
“On the grounds of a social identity version of terror management, MS should increase people’s self-stereotyping in terms of those attributes and behaviors that they consider prototypical (i.e., normative) for their ingroup (Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011; Halloran & Kashima, 2004).”
From Do Salient Social Norms Moderate Mortality Salience Effects? A (Challenging) Meta-Analysis of Terror Management Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011
In the citing paper
“Supporting this idea, MS was shown to increase identification with salient ingroups (Castano et al., 2002; Fritsche et al., 2008; Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011; Jonas & Fritsche, 2012; Sani et al., 2009).”
From Do Salient Social Norms Moderate Mortality Salience Effects? A (Challenging) Meta-Analysis of Terror Management Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011
In the citing paper
“After mortality salience, making a common superordinate group identity salient can decrease outgroup derogation (Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011; Motyl et al., 2011).”
From Existential threat and responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup members (2023) · cites this paper as Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011
In the citing paper
“Previous research has demonstrated that mortality salience can bolster the process described in Allport’s (1954) contact hypothesis and Gaertner et al.’s (1993) common ingroup identity model: Establishing personal connections between individual group members can initiate a recategorization mechanism whereby individuals who could be seen as outgroup members are included in one’s social group (Giann”
From Existential threat and responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup members (2023) · cites this paper as Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011
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Metadata
- Authors
- Giannakakis, A. E., & Fritsche, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Giannakakis, Andrew Erik
- ORCID
- Fritsche, Immo
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-10-18
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 82-93
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2003418945
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- in-group favoritism, social identity, group norms, existential risk, mortality salience, terror management theory, recategorization, collectivism, individualism, intergroup relations
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Defense Mechanisms, England, Existentialism, Female, France, Group Processes, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Scotland, Social Behavior, Social Identification, Social Values, Students, White People, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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