The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social Identities, Group Norms, and Threat: On the Malleability of Ingroup Bias
Abstract
Ingroup bias is one of the most basic intergroup phenomena and has been consistently demonstrated to be increased under conditions of existential threat. In the present research the authors question the omnipresence of ingroup bias under threat and test the assumptions that these effects depend on the content of social identity and group norm salient in a situation. In the first two studies cross-categorization and recategorization manipulations eliminated and even reversed mortality salience effects on bias in relations between English and Scottish students (Study 1) as well as English and French people (Study 2). In the third study the specific normative content of a given social identity (collectivism vs. individualism) was shown to moderate mortality salience effects on ingroup bias. The results of these studies suggest a social identity perspective on terror management processes.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Instead, people may contradict norms when they feel pressured to conform (see research on reactance; Miron & Brehm, 2006), do not identify—or even disidentify—with the reference group or conventional society (e.g., Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011), want to stress individuality after experiences of depersonalization (Brewer, 1991), or perceive injunctive and descriptive norms to contradict each other”
From Do Salient Social Norms Moderate Mortality Salience Effects? A (Challenging) Meta-Analysis of Terror Management Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011
In the citing paper
“On the grounds of a social identity version of terror management, MS should increase people’s self-stereotyping in terms of those attributes and behaviors that they consider prototypical (i.e., normative) for their ingroup (Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011; Halloran & Kashima, 2004).”
From Do Salient Social Norms Moderate Mortality Salience Effects? A (Challenging) Meta-Analysis of Terror Management Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011
In the citing paper
“Supporting this idea, MS was shown to increase identification with salient ingroups (Castano et al., 2002; Fritsche et al., 2008; Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011; Jonas & Fritsche, 2012; Sani et al., 2009).”
From Do Salient Social Norms Moderate Mortality Salience Effects? A (Challenging) Meta-Analysis of Terror Management Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011
In the citing paper
“After mortality salience, making a common superordinate group identity salient can decrease outgroup derogation (Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011; Motyl et al., 2011).”
From Existential threat and responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup members (2023) · cites this paper as Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011
In the citing paper
“Previous research has demonstrated that mortality salience can bolster the process described in Allport’s (1954) contact hypothesis and Gaertner et al.’s (1993) common ingroup identity model: Establishing personal connections between individual group members can initiate a recategorization mechanism whereby individuals who could be seen as outgroup members are included in one’s social group (Giann”
From Existential threat and responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup members (2023) · cites this paper as Giannakakis & Fritsche, 2011
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199269464.003.0005 · Cited by 12,701
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self‐Categorization Theory
REID, F. J. M. (1987) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00799.x · Cited by 8,145
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory.
Willer, D., Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073157 · Cited by 7,207
Individualism and Collectivism
Hayek, F. A. (1976) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203991718-8 · Cited by 6,060
Individualism and collectivism
OETZEL, J. G. (1996) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(96)83678-9 · Cited by 3,808
Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60330-5 · Cited by 3,143
(2000) · Cited by 2,172
Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135109 · Cited by 2,031
Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words.
Anderson, N. H. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025907 · Cited by 1,668
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60016-7 · Cited by 1,505
Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.681 · Cited by 1,323
Two Decades of Terror Management Theory: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Research
Burke, B. L., Martens, A., & Faucher, E. H. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309352321 · Cited by 1,188 · cited 2×
“According to our present findings, the “basic” tendency of ingroup bias and the derogation of different others under conditions of existential threat seem not as basic as they are conceived in past research literature (e.g., Burke et al., 2010; Castano et al., 2002; Harmon-Jones et al., 1996).”
BackgroundResultRelative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: a meta-analysis
Westermann, R., Spies, K., Stahl, G., & Hesse, F. W. (1996) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199607)26:4 · Cited by 1,134
Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization.
Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Murrell, A. J., & Dovidio, J. F. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.239 · Cited by 814
Intergroup behaviour, self‐stereotyping and the salience of social categories
Hogg, M. A., & Turner, J. C. (1987) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00795.x · Cited by 703
I belong, therefore, I exist: ingroup identification, ingroup entitativity, and ingroup bias.
Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., Paladino, M.-P., & Sacchi, S. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202282001 · Cited by 493
Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Chatel, D. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.212 · Cited by 487 · cited 4×
“has shown that priming particular values can eliminate the effects of mortality salience on reactions toward worldviewthreatening others (Greenberg et al., 1992), that people are motivated to conform to group norms (e.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJetten, J., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1222 · Cited by 483
The existential function of close relationships: Introducing death into the science of love
Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Hirschberger, G. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0701_2 · Cited by 477
The Urge to Splurge: A Terror Management Account of Materialism and Consumer Behavior
Arndt, J., Solomon, S., Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1403_2 · Cited by 463
The Scrooge Effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior
Jonas, E., Schimel, J., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702236834 · Cited by 420
Social Identity Salience and the Emergence of Stereotype Consensus
Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J., & Turner, J. C. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025007004 · Cited by 405
Making Sense of Life: The Existential Self Trying to Deal with Personal Uncertainty
van den Bos, K. (2009) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400903333411 · Cited by 395
Gailliot, M. T., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.49 · Cited by 361
(2004) · Cited by 320
Fleeing the Body: A Terror Management Perspective on the Problem of Human Corporeality
Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0403_1 · Cited by 258
The role of control motivation in mortality salience effects on ingroup support and defense
Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., & Fankhänel, T. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012666 · Cited by 252
Self-citationJonas, E., Martens, A., Niesta Kayser, D., Fritsche, I., Sullivan, D., & Greenberg, J. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013593 · Cited by 189
Self-citationDechesne, M., Janssen, J., & van Knippenberg, A. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.6.923 · Cited by 182
Mortality salience increases adherence to salient norms and values
Gailliot, M. T., Stillman, T. F., Schmeichel, B. J., Maner, J. K., & Plant, E. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208316791 · Cited by 174
Existential threat and compliance with pro-environmental norms
Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., Kayser, D. N., & Koranyi, N. (2010) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.08.007 · Cited by 169
Self-citationFrom the grave to the cradle: evidence that mortality salience engenders a desire for offspring
Wisman, A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.1.46 · Cited by 139
Mortality salience and the desire for offspring
Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., Fischer, P., Koranyi, N., Berger, N., & Fleischmann, B. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.003 · Cited by 126
Self-citationArndt, J., Cook, A., & Routledge, C. D. (2004) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) · Cited by 111
On defeating death: Group reification and social identification as immortality strategies
Castano, E., & Dechesne, M. (2005) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280500436024 · Cited by 101
Halloran, M. J., & Kashima, E. S. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264080 · Cited by 80
Go with the flow: conforming to others in the face of existential threat
Renkema, L. J., Stapel, D. A., & Yperen, N. W. V. (2007) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.468 · Cited by 64
Terror management among Chinese: Worldview defence and intergroup bias in resource allocation
Tam, K., Chiu, C., & Lau, I. Y. (2007) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2007.00216.x · Cited by 47
Jonas, E., & Greenberg, J. (2003) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.178 · Cited by 46
Jetten, J., McAuliffe, B. J., Hornsey, M. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.322 · Cited by 40
Twenty Years of Terror Management Theory and Research
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S. H., & Pyszczynski, T. A. (2004) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e631532007-001 · Cited by 37
Terror's Epistemic Consequences: Existential Threats and the Quest for Certainty and Closure
Dechesne, M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2004) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 30
(2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203118832-20 · Cited by 25
Trigg, R. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470690222.ch7 · Cited by 10
Quantity and proximity: the terror-managing function of abstract figures
Renkema, L. J., Stapel, D. A., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2009) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.929 · Cited by 8
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.923 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Social Identity Model of Pro-Environmental Action (SIMPEA).
Fritsche, I., Barth, M., Jugert, P., Masson, T., & Reese, G. (2017) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000090 · Cited by 712
Self-citationJonas, E., McGregor, I., Klackl, J., Agroskin, D., Fritsche, I., Holbrook, C., Nash, K., Proulx, T., & Quirin, M. (2014) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800052-6.00004-4 · Cited by 447
Self-citationFritsche, I., Cohrs, J. C., Kessler, T., & Bauer, J. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.10.002 · Cited by 260
Self-citationThe power of we: Evidence for group-based control
Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., Ablasser, C., Beyer, M., Kuban, J., Manger, A.-M., & Schultz, M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.014 · Cited by 266
Self-citationCollective Reactions to Threat: Implications for Intergroup Conflict and for Solving Societal Crises
Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., & Kessler, T. (2011) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01027.x · Cited by 222
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Giannakakis, A. E., & Fritsche, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Giannakakis, Andrew Erik
- ORCID
- Fritsche, Immo
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-10-18
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 82-93
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2003418945
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- in-group favoritism, social identity, group norms, existential risk, mortality salience, terror management theory, recategorization, collectivism, individualism, intergroup relations
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Defense Mechanisms, England, Existentialism, Female, France, Group Processes, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Scotland, Social Behavior, Social Identification, Social Values, Students, White People, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
