The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Measurement of Values and Individualism-Collectivism
Abstract
This study presents alternative measures of S. H. Schwartz's theory of values using pairwise comparisons and goal concepts. Not only did the three measures of values-the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS), the Pairwise Comparison Value Survey (PCVS), and the Personal Striving Value Survey (PSVS) -converge but they were also correlated in similar ways with the Individualism-Collectivism Scale (ICS). This provides evidence that the newly developed scales can be alternatives to the SVS, which allows future studies of values using multiple measures. Moreover, the findings provide support for Schwartz's conception of values as higher order goals. The present findings have several implications for the study of values and their linkage to the study of individualism-collectivism and the self-concept.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Along with an emphasis on interdependence, collectivistic attitudes are generally associated with an unwillingness to contact or otherwise interact with out-group members”
From Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity (2012) · cites this paper as Oishi et al. 1998
In the citing paper
“Collectivists emphasize the boundary between in-group and out-group and are distrusting of and unwilling to contact out-group members; individualists make less distinction between in- and out-groups, and are more trusting of and show more willingness to contact out-groups”
From Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity (2012) · cites this paper as Oishi et al. 1998
Citations
Cites
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
Schwartz, S. H. (1992) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60281-6 · Cited by 14,619
Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?
Schwartz, S. H. (1994) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x · Cited by 6,122
A law of comparative judgment.
Thurstone, L. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0070288 · Cited by 5,077
Toward a universal psychological structure of human values.
Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.550 · Cited by 4,001
Individualism and collectivism
OETZEL, J. G. (1996) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(96)83678-9 · Cited by 3,808
The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals
Singelis, T. M. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294205014 · Cited by 3,605
Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement.
Elliott, E. S., & Dweck, C. S. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.1.5 · Cited by 3,098
Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.1.19 · Cited by 2,726
Research works printed but not linked: 18
- Campbell, D. T., 1986, Metatheory in social science, 108
- Dweck, C. S., 1996, The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior, 69
- 10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.5 · DOI · Paper page
- Feather, N. T., 1990, Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, 151
- Feather, N. T., The psychology of values: The Ontario symposium, 215
- Gollwitzer, P. M., 1996, The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior
- Hays, W. L., 1994, Statistics
- 10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1268 · DOI
- Higgins, E. T., 1996, The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior, 91
- Martin, L. L., 1996, Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation
- Rokeach, M., 1968, Beliefs, attitudes and value
- Rokeach, M., 1973, The nature of human values
- Rokeach, M., 1979, Understanding human values, 47
- Schmitt, M.J., 1993, European Journal of Personality Assessment, 9, 107
- Schwartz, S. H., The psychology of values: The Ontario symposium, 1
- Seligman, C. , Olson, J. M. & Zanna, M. P. (Eds.). (1996). The psychology of values: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 8). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Singer, J. A., 1996, Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation, 229
- Sixtl, F., 1982, Meβmethoden der Psychologie [Measurement procedures in psychology]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 326
Profiling the politically violent in Pakistan: Self-construals and values.
Khan, N., & Smith, P. B. (2003) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327949pac0903_6 · Cited by 8
Social Psychological Ingredients for a Sociology of Morality
Hitlin, S. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137391865_9 · Cited by 8
Culture and Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Essay
Rao, D. (2005) · Fijian studies · Cited by 8
Strack, M. (2004) · doi:10.17875/gup2004-462 · Cited by 8
A cross-cultural study of motivation for consuming luxuries
Allison, G. M. (2008) · Lincoln University Research Archive (Lincoln University) · Cited by 8
Littrell, R. F. (2010) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.28694.98884 · Cited by 8
de Melo, G. F., & Giavoni, A. (2010) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600002663 · Cited by 7
The Influence of Power and Individualism-Collectivism on Negotiation Initiation
Volkema, R. J., Kapoutsis, I., Bon, A. C., & Almeida, J. R. U. C. (2016) · Revista de Administração Contemporânea · doi:10.1590/1982-7849rac2016150072 · Cited by 7
Edwards, H., Kinirons, T., & Patterson, F. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94971-0_11 · Cited by 7
Auto-imagem e sentimento de constrangimento
Gouveia, V. V., Singelis, T. M., Guerra, V. M., dos Santos›, W. S., & Vasconcelos, T. C. (2005) · Psico · Cited by 7
Joyal‐Desmarais, K., Euh, H., Scharmer, A., & Snyder, M. (2024) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3110 · Cited by 6
Lv, F., Tan, J., Shi, D., & Gao, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1491566 · Cited by 12
Pakdaman, S., & Khanjani, M. (2012) · Cited by 6
Values—A study of teacher and student perceptions in four countries ∗
Mahmud, S. H., Warchal, J. R., Masuchi, A., Ahmed, R., & Schöelmerich, A. (2009) · Cited by 6
Renz, F. M., Posthuma, R. A., & Smith, E. (2021) · Cross Cultural & Strategic Management · doi:10.1108/ccsm-05-2021-0074 · Cited by 7
OCB Through Cultural Lenses: Exploring the Relations Among Personality, OCB and Cultural Values
Xu, X. L. (2004) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 6
Ohizu, E. C., & Okoiye, E. O. (2014) · IOSR Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.9790/487x-161115562 · Cited by 5
Chapter 3 Limitations of Economic and Social Indicators
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0003 · Cited by 6
Self-citationde Souza, A. G., de Farias, S. A., & Brito, M. D. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo · doi:10.7784/rbtur.v8i2.723 · Cited by 5
Who Needs Security? Entrepreneurial Minorities, Security Values, and Firm Performance
Pattie, M. W., Parks, L., & Wales, W. J. (2011) · Journal of Management Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1056492611425090 · Cited by 5
Nguyen, B., Chen, C.-H., Wu, M.-S. S., & Melewar, T. C. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100097-7.00003-9 · Cited by 6
The Relation between Gender and Cultural Orientation and its Implications for Advertising
Lalwani, A. K., & Shavitt, S. (2012) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781781001042.00035 · Cited by 5
Zhang, W. (2014) · Open ULeth Scholarship (OPUS) (University of Lethbridge) · Cited by 5
The Cool Water Effect: Geo-Climatic Origins of the West’s Emancipatory DrivePreprint
Welzel, C., Kruse, S., Brieger, S. A., & Brunkert, L. J. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3938300 · Cited by 5
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0002 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSolís, M., & Leiva, G. B. (2018) · Contaduría y Administración · doi:10.22201/fca.24488410e.2018.1514 · Cited by 4
Moschis, G. P., Ong, F. S., Abessi, M., Yamashita, T., & Mathur, A. (2011) · Journal of Targeting Measurement and Analysis for Marketing · doi:10.1057/jt.2011.15 · Cited by 4
The Situated Durability of Values
Hitlin, S., & Civettini, N. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0882-614520170000034008 · Cited by 4
Besika, A. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12131 · Cited by 6
From Post to Values: Mining Schwartz Values of Individuals from Social Media
Sun, M., Zhang, H., Zhao, Y., & Shang, J. (2014) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45558-6_19 · Cited by 4
Billing, T. K., Bhagat, B., Lammel, A., Leonard, K. M., Ford, D. N., Brew, F. P., Rojas‐Méndez, J. I., Coutino-Hill, V., Rajadhyaksha, U. A., Srivastava, B. N., et al. (2009) · doi:10.4087/jegs1392 · Cited by 4
A study of values as cross-cultural competencies: a potential source of self-esteem?
Raghavan, C. (2006) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 4
A Test of the Circumplex Structure of Human Values
Furrer, O., Perrinjaquet, A. F., Marguerat, D., Usunier, J.-C., & Cestre, G. (2005) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 4
Snider, P. D. (2003) · Murdoch University Research Portal · Cited by 4
Culture, values and Japanese tourism behaviour
Watkins, L. (2006) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago) · Cited by 4
Optimization of Value Measurement MethodsPreprint
Abdullahi, K. B. (2019) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0107.v2 · Cited by 4
Güçlü, R. (2024) · Türkbilig / Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.59257/turkbilig.1451198 · Cited by 3
Horizontal and vertical “individualism – collectivism” and values
Czerniawska, M. (2020) · Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja · doi:10.14746/kse.2020.18.11.2 · Cited by 3
Asymptotic false discovery control of the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure for pairwise comparisons
Liu, W., Leung, D., & Shao, Q.-M. (2024) · Science China Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s11425-022-2241-y · Cited by 3
Chapter 5 The Well-Being Measures Are Valid
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0005 · Cited by 3
Self-citationLa complejidad de la variación transcultural: valores en Guatemala y Estados Unidos
Estrada‐Villalta, S., & Schwab, N. G. (2015) · Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology · doi:10.30849/rip/ijp.v48i2.255 · Cited by 3
What are values and how can we assess them? Implications for values‐based recruitment in healthcare
Patterson, F., Kerrin, M., Born, M. P., Oostrom, J. K., & Prescott‐Clements, L. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118838983.ch15 · Cited by 3
Environmental values and beliefs in university students.
Palazuelos, A. (2012) · doi:10.24124/2012/bpgub838 · Cited by 3
Two selves and online forums in C hina
Ye, W. M., Sarrica, M., & Fortunati, L. (2013) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12034 · Cited by 2
Shanbour—Srour, K., Goldberg, T., & Kurman, J. (2025) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221251320354 · Cited by 4
Poverty and Wealth from the Perspective of Selected Psychological Concepts of Value
Kuświk, J. (2014) · Studia Historiae Oeconomicae · doi:10.2478/sho-2014-0007 · Cited by 2
Chapter 8 Health and Well-Being: Policy Examples
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0008 · Cited by 2
Self-citationConceptual Approach of Green Practices in Context of Hotels: Value - Attitude - Behavior
Jin, N. P., & 이상묵 (2015) · Culinary Science & Hospitality Research · doi:10.20878/cshr.2015.21.5.011011011 · Cited by 2
Caspi, A., Etgar, S., & Kavé, G. (2022) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393221142789 · Cited by 2
Managerial Values in Transcultural Conflicts in South Africa Findings from the Schwartz-Value-Model
Mayer, C., & Louw, L. (2012) · Journal of Intercultural Communication · doi:10.36923/jicc.v12i3.606 · Cited by 2
Tretter, S. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48014-4_11 · Cited by 2
Zou, C. (2010) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 2
Optimization of Value Measurement MethodsPreprint
Abdullahi, K. B. (2019) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0107.v1 · Cited by 2
Andriani, L., & Sabatini, F. (2013) · Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) · Cited by 2
Öven, Ç., Kurt, B. S., Mutlu, M., Bayar, A., & BAYAR, Y. (2024) · Adıyaman üniversitesi sosyal bilimler enstitüsü dergisi/Adıyaman üniversitesi sosyal bilimler enstitisü dergisi · doi:10.14520/adyusbd.1552562 · Cited by 1
Keles, B., Leamy, M. C., Murrells, T., & Grealish, A. (2025) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102153 · Cited by 1
Understanding how children view the world: advancements, barriers, and future directions
Woodard, S. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Developmental Psychology · doi:10.3389/fdpys.2025.1605742 · Cited by 1
Examining the impact of collectivist subcultures and emotional intelligence on resilience and grit
Funderburk, C. M., & Winton, B. G. (2025) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2025.2579021 · Cited by 1
Systemic incongruity: Bringing down the risks of conformity and deviation biases
Patil, S. V. (2014) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 1
Elaboration and Validation of the Athletes Idiocentric and Allocentric Profile Inventory
Shibani, K. A., Hojati, S. S., Akhondi, N., Soltani, H., & Hojati, Z. (2013) · Cited by 1
Stereotypes of Saudi Women among Saudi College Students
Omair, A. H. (2017) · Digital Commons-DePaul (DePaul University) · Cited by 1
Perceived Importance of Selected Psychological Strategies Among Elite Malaysian Athletes
Ponnusamy, V., Guerrero, M., & Martin, J. J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2017-0001 · Cited by 1
Park, H. (2012) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2012.26.3.003 · Cited by 1
Developing value-orientations in family therapy trainees: A three-year investigation
Mayer, C., & Oosthuizen, R. M. (2018) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v14i3.1519 · Cited by 1
Kitamura, T. (2014) · Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.14 · Cited by 1
Self-determination theory and hedonic well-being in a cross-cultural perspective
Gruenewald, J. M. (2009) · doi:10.7273/000005983 · Cited by 1
Chapter 1 Using Well-Being to Inform Public Policy
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Self-citationHoryzontalna i wertykalna postać „indywidualizmu – kolektywizmu” a wartości
Czerniawska, M. (2020) · Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja · doi:10.14746/kse.2020.18.11.1 · Cited by 1
Lee, D., Lee, M., & Ulgado, F. M. (2007) · Seoul Journal of Business · doi:10.35152/snusjb.2007.13.1.005 · Cited by 1
Culture's Impact on Technology Mediated Learning
Hornik, S. (2009) · Advances in global information management (AGIM) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-138-4.ch012 · Cited by 2
La personalidad y los valores sociales: influencia en el emprendizaje
Macho, A. Y. (2012) · doi:10.14201/gredos.121234 · Cited by 1
Manheim, T. C. (2007) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 1
Chapter 6 Issues Regarding the Use of Well-Being Measures for Policy
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Self-citationInequality, Redistribution, and the Individualism-Collectivism Dimension of CulturePreprint
Binder, C. C. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2891781 · Cited by 1
Liu, W., Leung, D., & Shao, Q.-M. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 1
Cultural orientation and materialism in Jordan: Consumer perceptions of brand luxury
Shammout, E. (2020) · Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO) · Cited by 1
Joyal‐Desmarais, K., Euh, H., Scharmer, A., & Snyder, M. (2018) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/6c3nz · Cited by 1
Scott, G. I. (2010) · Research Online (University of Wollongong)
Teacher Perceptions of Parent Conflict Styles
Kleiss, M. G. (2012)
Park, M. S. (2010) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)
Sánchez, F. J. S., Kanther, A., & Azor, J. F. P. (2008) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
The antecedents and psychological outcomes of perceived rejection from one’s heritage culture
Ferenczi, N. (2015) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)
Moving forward in service research: a conceptual and empirical contribution
White, C. J. (2011) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27590199
Piko, B. F., & Brassai, L. (2008) · European Journal of Mental Health
Macro-Level Factors & their Influence on Family Perceptions in Two Cultures
Park, M. S., Goodwin, R. B., Harsányi, S. G., & Kim, J.-A. (2018) · Acta de Investigación Psicológica · doi:10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2011.2.207
College student humanitarian values: a comparison of the impact of two liberal arts core curricula
Hollway, M. C. (2003) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Mehdi, M., Rahmatollah, M., Reza, N. J., Maryam, D., & Mokhtari, Z. (2015)
Disease prevalence and conformity
Murray, D. R. (2009) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0067556
Chapter 11 The Social Context of Well-Being: Policy Examples
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0011
Self-citationChapter 10 Work, the Economy, and Well-Being: Policy Examples
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0010
Self-citationChapter 4 Contributions of Well-Being Measures
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0004
Self-citationConsumers from Different Cultures
Torelli, C. J. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137331953_3
The Influence of Confucian Ethics and CoUectivism on Whistleblowing
Rehg, M. T., & Lee, D. (2005)
Chapter 9 The Environment and Well-Being: Policy Examples
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0009
Self-citationChapter 7 The Desirability of Well-Being as a Guide for Policy
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0007
Self-citationHorne, M. (2008) · National University System Repository (National University System)
Daly, T. (2009) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)
Diminishing the Perceived Importance of the Self: An Alternative Route to Self-Protection
Mizoguchi, N. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Metadata
- Authors
- Oishi, S., Schimmack, U., Diener, E., & Suh, E. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Oishi, Shigehiro
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1998-11
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1177-1189
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2020800668
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 7.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- value measurement, individualism-collectivism, Schwartz value theory, Schwartz Value Survey, pairwise comparison, self-concept, value scales
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review