The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Role Enhancement or Role Strain: Assessing the Impact of Multiple Productive Roles on Older Caregiver Well-Being
Abstract
Proponents of productive aging claim that occupying productive roles is beneficial to the self and others. The authors use the role enhancement and role strain perspectives to examine the impact of multiple productive roles on the well-being of older caregivers. Using three waves of the America Changing Lives Study, the authors controlled for invariant and time-variant factors to test the effects of occupying multiple productive roles on the three well-being indicators of 270 older caregivers. Older caregivers who worked and/or volunteered reported better self-rated health, supporting the role enhancement hypothesis. No evidence of role strain was found. For caregivers without multiple productive roles, high informal social integration was related with low functional impairment. This study suggests that productive roles may have a positive effect on older caregivers and finds no evidence of any negative effects. The implications of these findings in policy, research, and program development are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Similar trends were found in employed and/or volunteering older caregivers (aged 60 years or above) who reported better self-rated health compared to those older caregivers who did neither activity [67].”
From Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers (2013) · cites this paper as [67]
Citations
Cites
Statistical Analysis with Missing Data
Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (2002) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9781119013563 · Cited by 8,473
A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination
NAGELKERKE, N. J. D. (1991) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/78.3.691 · Cited by 5,927
Goode, W. J. (1960) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092933 · Cited by 2,454
Toward a Theory of Role Accumulation
Sieber, S. D. (1974) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094422 · Cited by 1,722
Handbook of aging and the social sciences
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-4041 · Cited by 859
"Women in the Middle" and Family Help to Older People
Brody, E. (1981) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/21.5.471 · Cited by 659
Identity Structures and Psychological Well-Being: Gender and Marital Status Comparisons
Thoits, P. A. (1992) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786794 · Cited by 576
Successful Aging: A Life-Course Perspective on Women's Multiple Roles and Health
Moen, P., Dempster-McClain, D., & Williams (1992) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/229941 · Cited by 503
Housework, Paid Work, and Depression Among Husbands and Wives
Glass, J., & 藤本, 哲. (1994) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137364 · Cited by 400
Review of Software to Fit Generalized Estimating Equation Regression Models
Horton, N. J., & Lipsitz, S. R. (1999) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.1999.10474451 · Cited by 387
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Allison, Paul D., 2001, Missing Data
- Fischer, Lucy R., 1993, Older Volunteers: Enlisting the Talent
- Freedman, Marc, 1994, Seniors in National and Community Service: A Report Card Prepared for the Commonwealth Fund’s Americans Over 55 at Work Program
- House, James, 1997, American Changing Lives: Waves I and II, 1986 and 1989, Codebook (Part 2)
- Liang, Kung-Yee, 1986, Biometrika, 38, 963
- Morrow-Howell, Nancy, Longer Life Foundation
- Scharlach, Andrew E., 1994, The Gerontologist, 54, S271
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–174 of 174
Multi-dimensional civic engagement of older Europeans: a latent class analysis
Vercauteren, T., Regenmortel, S. V., Näsman, M., Nyqvist, F., Brosens, D., Serrat, R., & Dury, S. (2024) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x2400062x · Cited by 8
Beyond Paid Work: Voluntary Work and its Salutogenic Implications for Society
Jiranek, P., Brauchli, R., & Wehner, T. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_13 · Cited by 9
Hughes, A. K., Woodward, A. T., & Ortiz, D. V. (2013) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnt041 · Cited by 8
Quach, E. D. (2018) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415018812404 · Cited by 8
Ehrenamt, Netzwerkhilfe und Pflege in Europa
Hank, K., & Stuck, S. (2008) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-90850-2_2 · Cited by 8
Hsiao, H., Xu, L., Chi, I., & Silverstein, M. D. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.771614 · Cited by 8
Impact of Employment and Caregiving Roles on the Well-Being of People with Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Zettel‐Watson, L., Rakovski, C., Levine, B., Rutledge, D. N., & Jones, C. J. (2010) · Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain · doi:10.3109/10582452.2010.538824 · Cited by 8
Li, H., Gan, L., Xu, D. R., & Chen, J. (2022) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/00914150221084644 · Cited by 9
The Implications of Providing Grandchild Care for Grandparents’ Marital Quality
Wang, S., & Mutchler, J. E. (2020) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x20934845 · Cited by 7
Lau, W. Y. T., Stoner, C. R., Wong, G. H. Y., & Spector, A. E. (2021) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afab097 · Cited by 7
Health Care Hassles of Caregivers to the Chronically Ill
Keith, P. M. (2009) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/ag.69.1.a · Cited by 7
Older Adult Productive Activity Participation Using the National Health and Aging Trends Study
Marfeo, E. E., & Ward, C. (2020) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721420910657 · Cited by 6
Zeng, Y., Mao, S., Lü, N., & Chen, M. (2022) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2022.2103761 · Cited by 6
Spann, A., Allard, C., Harvey, A.-C., Zwerger, K., Spreeuwenberg, M. D., Hawley, M., & de Witte, L. (2022) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2022.2117589 · Cited by 5
Häusler, N., Hämmig, O., & Bopp, M. (2017) · Journal of Population Ageing · doi:10.1007/s12062-017-9208-0 · Cited by 5
Societal participation of individuals aged 55–64 years with and without chronic disease
Scharn, M., van der Beek, A. J., Suanet, B., Huisman, M. A., & Boot, C. R. L. (2018) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky122 · Cited by 5
Grandparenting and Physical Activity
Drentea, P., Pavela, G., Tian, L., & Locher, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643241273197 · Cited by 4
Ramos, M. C., & Ochoa, N. R. (2024) · Social psychology quarterly · doi:10.1177/01902725241292328 · Cited by 3
Chen, M., & Fu, Y. (2023) · China Perspectives · doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.15775 · Cited by 4
Grandchild Care and Grandparents’ Well-Being in Context: The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
Bünning, M., & Huxhold, O. (2024) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igae101 · Cited by 7
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Values Aspired for the Future Scale in grandparents
Noriega, C., Velasco, C., & López, J. (2017) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2017.1283930 · Cited by 4
Sekar, S. (2021) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-02-2021-0074 · Cited by 4
Dementia caregiving characteristics, elder impairment, and caregiver strain and burden
Heinz, M. S. (2010) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1560 · Cited by 4
Guastella, R. A. (2009) · ScholarWorks @ The University of New Orleans (The University of New Orleans) · Cited by 3
Caregiving Grandmothers and Depressive Symptoms in South Korea
Choi, S., & Zhang, Z. (2021) · Contemporary perspectives on family research · doi:10.1108/s1530-353520210000017007 · Cited by 3
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ISSN: 1450-2267
Mylonakis, J., Ryan, L. V., Hunter, R. J., Chowdhury, S., Feridun, M., Yang, J. J., Lozada, H. R., & Grosso, J. (2008) · Cited by 3
Gender Differences in Work and Well-Being in Later Life
Cho, J. K. (2025) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/01640275251353217 · Cited by 2
Dynamics of later-life caregiving and health. Insights from biomarker data and cognitive tests
Bertogg, A., Präg, P., & Raiber, K. (2025) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103205 · Cited by 2
Verbessert Freiwilligenarbeit die »Work-Life-Balance«?
Brauchli, R., & Wehner, T. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55295-3_10 · Cited by 2
Okonkwo, E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01237-7_5 · Cited by 2
Informelle Pflege, Arbeitslosigkeit und soziale Exklusion: Kumulierende oder kompensierende Risiken?
Grüttner, M. (2016) · Sozialer Fortschritt · doi:10.3790/sfo.65.12.290 · Cited by 2
Kim, S.-Y. (2008) · Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare · doi:10.21194/kjgsw..39.200803.145 · Cited by 2
Luo, H., Wong, G. H. Y., Tang, J. Y. ‐., Liu, T., Wong, F. H. C., Miu, A. C., Morrow-Howell, N. L., Cheng, S., & Lum, T. Y. S. (2021) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027521992690 · Cited by 2
Self-citationEffect of Immigration on Depression Among Older Natives in Western Europe
Escarce, J. J., & Rocco, L. (2019) · The Journal of the Economics of Ageing · doi:10.1016/j.jeoa.2021.100341 · Cited by 4
Is Internal Migration Bad for Grandparents’ Subjective Successful Aging?
Hu, Y., Kang, R., Charness, N. H., Chan, A. C. Y., Zhou, S., You, J., Bai, X., Wangliu, Y., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2025) · Activities Adaptation & Aging · doi:10.1080/01924788.2025.2492979 · Cited by 3
Wage Premium or Wage Penalty? Gendered Long-term Wage Development of Family Caregivers
Raiber, K., Möhring, K., Visser, M., & Verbakel, E. (2025) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/09500170251348856 · Cited by 2
Nikzad-Terhune, K. A. (2011) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 1
How older people are improving the health and well‐being of Northampton residents
Klée, D. (2006) · Working with Older People · doi:10.1108/13663666200600068 · Cited by 1
정윤경 (2014) · Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare · doi:10.21194/kjgsw..66.201412.55 · Cited by 1
Zhao, H., Shi, H., He, M., Cui, L., Wang, S., Zhao, J., Li, W., Wei, Y., Zhang, W., Chen, Z., et al. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.13066 · Cited by 2
Informell omsorg, arbetsrelaterad stress och psykisk ohälsa hos förvärvsarbetare
Czajkowski, L., Nilsen, C., Shaw, B. A., Leineweber, C., & Sacco, L. (2025) · Arbetsmarknad & Arbetsliv · doi:10.58236/aa.25305 · Cited by 2
50+ Nüfusun Gönüllülüğe Katılımı ve Gönüllülük Motivasyonları: Avrupa Örneği
Palaz, F. S. (2021) · Journal of Economy Culture and Society · doi:10.26650/jecs2020-803795 · Cited by 1
Health, Families, and Work in Later Life: A Review of Current Research and PerspectivesPreprint
Hank, K., & Brandt, M. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2274744 · Cited by 7
The impact of family and non-family roles on caregiver health over time.
Matzek, A. E. (2011) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
Adolescent mothers' relationships with their mothers: Communication, support and shared caregiving
Mulder, C. (2009) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 1
Gautam, R. K. (2021) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.225906
Chegou a aposentação. E agora ??? Reflexão sobre o Voluntariado Sénior
Oliveira, L. F. A. G. D. F. (2014)
Caregiving Style in Diverse Samples of Caregivers.
King, J. K. (2006) · doi:10.12794/metadc5363
Family Caregivers' Labor Force Participation and Financial Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study
Lee, Y. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Warning, C. L. (2013) · California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace)
RELa TIOnShIP QuaLITy anD E L D E R C a R E G I V E R B u R D E n I n InDIa
Pillai, V. K., Levy, E., & Gupta, R. (2012)
Life's a Balancing Act: How Men and Women Experience the Work-Home Interface across the Life Course.
Lin, K. (2015) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
A Cross-National Analysis of Labor Force Participation and Life Expectancy among Older Adults
Johnson, J. K. M. (2010)
Growing Pains in Aging China: Parental Caregiving and Health Implications in Women
Liu, G. (2012) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
Sources, outcomes and coping strategies among graduate and post-graduate students
Khatun, R., Faisal, M., & Abbas, H. (2015)
An Investigation of Change in the Lives of Spouses of Amnestic Individuals
Belfry, S. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Developing the organizational competencies to promote American elders' civic engagement
Chen, H. (2017) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · doi:10.7912/c2/1203
Vrijwilligerswerk met het oog op de toekomst
Vanderleyden, L., & Stolk, A. (2017) · Geron · doi:10.1007/s40718-017-0065-y
The Effects of Transitions in Caregiving Status on Depression of Grandparents in Korea
신유미 (2017) · Korean Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.20970/kasw.2017.69.4.006
Gender Differences in Grandparent Caregiving and Life Satisfaction of Older Jamaicans
Quashie, N. T., Davis, J. G. M., Willie-Tyndale, D., James, K. C., & Eldemire‐Shearer, D. (2021) · Contemporary perspectives on family research · doi:10.1108/s1530-353520210000017006
Kim, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_791
Park, C., & Kim, M. (2022) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2022.2025516
Kim, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_791-1
Distribution-Type Index for Causal InferencePreprint
Lin, H., Liu, L., Gui-zhen, L., & Zhou, L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4783806
Piolatto, M., Bertogg, A., Yerkes, M. A., & Strauß, S. (2024) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2024.2443614
Ellis, K. R., Kim, Y., Peterman, K., Hecht, H. K., Cannady, R., & Alcaraz, K. I. (2025) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2025.2450253
Balancing roles and well-being in later life: insights from Chinese older women’s life course
Chen, X., & Yeung, W. J. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25504-z
Productive activity among older adults in India: evidence from LASI
Sivan, A., & Lusome, R. (2025) · Journal of Social and Economic Development · doi:10.1007/s40847-025-00489-y
Formal Volunteering Among Economically Marginalized Older Americans: A Scoping Review
Ryu, B., Baek, J., Matz, C. L., & Halvorsen, C. (2026) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648251410281
Work–Life Puzzle of Entrepreneurs: A Review and Research Agenda
Cyriac, A. M., & Priya, R. S. (2026) · Journal of Enterprising Culture · doi:10.1142/s0218495826500081
Kunz, C., & Bertogg, A. (2026) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-026-10107-6
Moqbel, M., Charki, M. H., & Soror, A. A. (2026) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-12-2025-2167
Metadata
- Authors
- Rozario, P. A., Morrow-Howell, N., & Hinterlong, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Adelphi University (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Venue
- Research on Aging
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 413-428
- ISSN
- 0164-0275 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7573
- OpenAlex
- W2100571374
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research on Aging (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
- Social Sciences › Life-span and Life-course Studies › Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues
- Keywords
- productive aging, older caregivers, role enhancement, role strain, volunteering, work, self-rated health, functional disability, well-being
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review