The DOI matches its Crossref record; 97 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Longitudinal Relations Among Parenting, Best Friends, and Early Adolescent Problem Behavior: Testing Bidirectional Effects
Abstract
In this longitudinal study, the bidirectional relations between parenting and friends’ deviance, on one hand, and early adolescent externalizing and internalizing problem behavior, on the other hand, are examined. Of the 650 adolescents (13- to 14-year-olds) who filled out the Youth Self-Report and questionnaires about their parents at two times within a 1-year interval, 141 adolescents could be paired, at both assessments, with the same best friend who also filled out the questionnaires. Stable friends were used as a control for selection effects within friendships. The results showed significant effects of adolescent externalizing and internalizing problem behavior on parenting 1 year later, but not vice versa. Friends’ deviance affected adolescent externalizing but not internalizing problem behavior over time. The inclusion of friends’ self-reports about their own behavior and the examination of reciprocal effects seems to be a step forward in understanding the processes among parents, peers, and early adolescent problem behavior.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Whereas parenting practices did not predict adolescents’ internalizing problems assessed a year later, internalizing problems in teenagers did predict parenting practices measured a year later (Reitz et al., 2006).”
From Helicopter Parenting and Emotional Problems in Chinese Emerging Adults: Are there Cross-lagged Effects and the Mediations of Autonomy? (2023) · cites this paper as Reitz et al., 2006
Citations
Cites
The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,944
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
The ecology of human development : experiments by nature and design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Cited by 12,580
Multilevel analysis techniques and applications
Hox, J. J., Moerbeek, M., & van de Schoot, R. (2002) · Cited by 6,006
Practical issues in structural modeling
BENTLER, P. M., & CHOU, C.-P. (1987) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124187016001004 · Cited by 5,804
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf02202939 · Cited by 4,031
(1991) · Cited by 3,844
At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent
Feldman, S. S., & Elliott, G. R. (1990) · Cited by 3,136
Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk?
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.102.3.357 · Cited by 2,962
Research works printed but not linked: 19
- Anderson, A. R., 1994, Adolescence, 29, 405
- 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03175.x · DOI
- 10.2307/1131649 · DOI
- 10.2307/1131263 · DOI
- 10.1037/0012-1649.34.4.770 · DOI
- 10.1037/0021-843X.94.2.231 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.653 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-006X.62.3.477 · DOI
- Gerris, J. R. M., 1993, Parenting in Dutch families
- 10.1037/0022-006X.59.4.499 · DOI
- Jöreskog, K. G., 1993, LISREL 8: User’s guide
- 10.1037/0012-1649.26.5.705 · DOI
- Meeus, W., 1995, Adolescence, 30, 931
- 10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.357 · DOI
- Peeters, J., 1994, Gedragstherapie, 27, 109
- Shanahan, L., 2003, Children’s influence on family dynamics. The neglected side of family relationships, 237
- Thissen-Pennings, M. C. E., 2003, MAKEDYAD: A program to create dyads, users manual
- 10.1037/0012-1649.33.5.834 · DOI
- Verhulst, F. C., 1997, Handleiding voor de Youth Self-Report (YSR) [Manual for the Youth Self-Report (YSR): Dutch version]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inguglia, C., Ingoglia, S., Liga, F., Lo Coco, A., & Lo Cricchio, M. G. (2015) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-014-9196-8 · Cited by 244
Hoeben, E. M., Meldrum, R. C., Walker, D., & Young, J. T. N. (2016) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.08.001 · Cited by 215
Dynamics of perceived parenting and identity formation in late adolescence
Beyers, W., & Goossens, L. (2007) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.04.003 · Cited by 243
Intergenerational continuity in parenting behavior: Mediating pathways and child effects.
Neppl, T. K., Conger, R. D., Scaramella, L. V., & Ontai, L. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014850 · Cited by 203
A meta-analysis of longitudinal peer influence effects in childhood and adolescence.
Giletta, M., Choukas‐Bradley, S., Maes, M., Linthicum, K. P., Card, N. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000329 · Cited by 262
DELINQUENCY BALANCE: REVISITING PEER INFLUENCE*
McGloin, J. M. (2009) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00146.x · Cited by 175
Parenting and children's externalizing behavior: Bidirectionality during toddlerhood
Verhoeven, M., Junger, M., van Aken, C., Deković, M., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2009) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.09.002 · Cited by 119
Self-citationVéronneau, M., & Dishion, T. J. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9431-0 · Cited by 100
Slagt, M., Deković, M., de Haan, A. D., van den Akker, A. L., & Prinzie, P. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027719 · Cited by 117
Self-citationMiddle School Friendships and Academic Achievement in Early Adolescence: A Longitudinal Analysis
Véronneau, M., & Dishion, T. J. (2010) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431610384485 · Cited by 102
Reciprocal Relations Between Parenting and Adjustment in a Sample of Juvenile Offenders
Williams, L. R., & Steinberg, L. D. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01523.x · Cited by 77
Fortuin, J., van Geel, M., & Vedder, P. H. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0168-x · Cited by 81
de Vries, S. L. A., Hoeve, M., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Asscher, J. J. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9999-5 · Cited by 68
Kuppens, S., Grietens, H. W. E., Onghena, P., & Michiels, D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802575354 · Cited by 62
Pathways from Acculturation Stress to Substance Use Among Latino Adolescents
Buchanan, R. L., & Smokowski, P. R. (2009) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080802544216 · Cited by 61
Parenting Styles and Health-Related Behavior in Childhood and Early Adolescence
Lohaus, A., Vierhaus, M., & Ball, J. (2008) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431608322954 · Cited by 63
Effects of Parenting and Deviant Peers on Early to Mid-Adolescent Conduct Problems
Trudeau, L., Mason, W. A., Randall, G. K., Spoth, R. L., & Ralston, E. S. (2012) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9648-1 · Cited by 58
Kopala‐Sibley, D. C., Jelinek, C., Kessel, E. M., Frost, A., Allmann, A. E. S., & Klein, D. N. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000396 · Cited by 63
Udell, W., Sandfort, T. G. M., Reitz, E., Bos, H., & Deković, M. (2010) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9590-7 · Cited by 55
Self-citationZhang, S., Baams, L., van de Bongardt, D., & Dubas, J. S. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0321-6 · Cited by 49
Liga, F., Ingoglia, S., Inguglia, C., Coco, A. L., Cricchio, M. G. L., Musso, P., Cheah, C. S. L., Rose, L., & Gutow, M. R. (2017) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2017.1305323 · Cited by 54
Arım, R. G., Dahinten, V. S., Marshall, S. K., & Shapka, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9493-x · Cited by 47
A meta-analysis of longitudinal peer influence effects in childhood and adolescence.Preprint
Giletta, M., Choukas-Bradley, S., Maes, M., Linthicum, K. P., Card, N. A., & Prinstein, M. (2021) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.31234/osf.io/j6cdz · Cited by 191
Leung, J. T. Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182211887 · Cited by 58
Loukas, A. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9335-z · Cited by 46
Parenting and social competence in school: The role of preadolescents' personality traits☆
Lianos, P. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.03.006 · Cited by 38
Gao, W., Hou, Y., Hao, S., & Yu, A. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01702-5 · Cited by 32
“Whereas parenting practices did not predict adolescents’ internalizing problems assessed a year later, internalizing problems in teenagers did predict parenting practices measured a year later (Reitz et al., 2006).”
BackgroundDaspe, M., Arbel, R., Ramos, M. C., Shapiro, L. A. S., & Margolin, G. (2018) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12418 · Cited by 32
Shek, D. T. L., & Lin, L. (2015) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1170-8 · Cited by 32
Leung, J. T. Y. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.04.005 · Cited by 31
Coe, J. L., Davies, P. T., Hentges, R. F., & Sturge‐Apple, M. L. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001736 · Cited by 30
Multilevel factors affecting early socioemotional development in humans
Cui, J., Mistur, E. J., Wei, C., Lansford, J. E., Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2018) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2580-9 · Cited by 34
Parenting Style and Peer Trust in Relation to School Adjustment in Middle Childhood
Wang, D., & Fletcher, A. C. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0264-x · Cited by 28
Contextual Influences of Proactive and Reactive Subtypes of Aggression
Fite, P. J., Wimsatt, A. R., Elkins, S. R., & Grassetti, S. N. (2011) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-011-9116-4 · Cited by 27
Multidimensional social control variables as predictors of drunkenness among French adolescents
Bègue, L., & Roché, S. (2008) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.04.001 · Cited by 26
Friendship similarities in internalizing problems in early childhood
Stone, L. L., Giletta, M., Brendgen, M. R., Otten, R., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Janssens, J. (2012) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2012.12.003 · Cited by 26
Self-citationSwenson, L. P., & Rose, A. J. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9319-z · Cited by 25
Glatz, T., Cotter, A., & Buchanan, C. M. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0623-2 · Cited by 24
Véronneau, M., Trempe, S.-C., & Paiva, A. O. (2014) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232014193.17972013 · Cited by 23
Klahr, A. M., Klump, K. L., & Burt, S. A. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9886-5 · Cited by 24
Affective and physiological synchrony in friendships during late adolescence
Cook, E. C. (2020) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519895106 · Cited by 20
Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., & Zhao, J. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01355-2 · Cited by 19
Reciprocal Effects of Family Disruption and Crime: A Panel Study of Canadian Municipalities
Wong, S. K. (2011) · Cited by 19
Shyness, Parent–Child Relationships, and Peer Difficulties During the Middle School Transition
Bullock, A., Xiao, B.-W., Liu, J.-S., Coplan, R. J., & Chen, X.-Y. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-01979-3 · Cited by 3
Parenting Style, Locus of Control, and Oral Hygiene in Adolescents
Aleksejūnienė, J., & Brukienė, V. (2012) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina48020009 · Cited by 18
Nygren, K., Bergström, E., Janlert, U., & Nygren, L. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2012.00973.x · Cited by 17
Wang, E., Zhang, J., Dong, Y., Xiao, J., Qu, D., Shan, H., & Chi, X. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04350-5 · Cited by 18
Friendships Quality and Classmates Support: How to influence the well-being of adolescents
Tomé, G., de Matos, M. G., Camacho, I., Simões, C., & Diniz, J. A. (2014) · Higher education of social science · doi:10.3968/5656 · Cited by 16
Fite, P. J., Preddy, T. M., Vitulano, M. L., Elkins, S. R., Grassetti, S. N., & Wimsatt, A. R. (2012) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21495 · Cited by 18
Defoe, I. N., Dubas, J. S., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00242 · Cited by 21
Pathways from Acculturation Stress to Negative Friend Associations Among Latino Adolescents
Buchanan, R. L., & Smokowski, P. R. (2011) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-011-0239-8 · Cited by 12
Guo, Y., Hu, B. Y., Pan, Y., & Vitiello, G. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02592-2 · Cited by 11
Hygen, B. W., Belsky, J., Li, Z., Stenseng, F., Güzey, I. C., & Wichstrøm, L. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000333 · Cited by 13
Simpson, E. G., Vannucci, A., Lincoln, C. R., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2019) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431619837378 · Cited by 12
Youthful Arrest and Parental Support: Gendered Effects in Straining the Parent–Child Relationship
Tapia, M., Alarid, L. F., & Hutcherson, D. T. (2015) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2014.951584 · Cited by 10
Fite, P. J., Rathert, J. L., Grassetti, S. N., Gaertner, A. E., Campion, S., Fite, J. L., & Vitulano, M. L. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9231-z · Cited by 11
Chad‐Friedman, E., Jordan, L. S., Chad-Friedman, S., Lemay, E. P., Olino, T. M., Klein, D. N., & Dougherty, L. R. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231170871 · Cited by 8
Maternal values and parenting and Estonian, German, and Russian adolescents' friendship satisfaction
Tamm, A., Kasearu, K., Tulviste, T., & Trommsdorff, G. (2016) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12123 · Cited by 8
Behavioral problems in the children of women who are victims of intimate partner violence
Pahn, J., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12940 · Cited by 7
Ae, L. Y., & Chung, H. (2015) · The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling · doi:10.35151/kyci.2015.23.2.012 · Cited by 6
Identifying children’s friendships across diverse contexts
Fletcher, A. C., Blair, B. L., Troutman, D. R., & Madison, K. J. (2013) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407512472474 · Cited by 6
van Halem, S., Peeters, M., & Vollebergh, W. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01758-6 · Cited by 5
Predictors of Delinquency among Adolescents of Divorced Families
Esmaeili, N. S., Yaacob, S. N., & Juhari, R. B. (2013) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v9n11p41 · Cited by 5
Father-Daughter Attachment and Sexual Behavior in African-American Daughters
Hill-Holliday, K. (2009) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/x6ef-5047 · Cited by 4
Not Accepted by the Family: “Being Difficult” or “Being Different”?
Komter, A. E., Voorpostel, M., & Pels, T. (2010) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x10377065 · Cited by 4
Chapitre 6. Les relations entre parents et adolescents
Claes, M. (2014) · Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pum.5181 · Cited by 4
McMahan, M. M. (2012) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 5
A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Peer Influence Effects in Childhood and AdolescencePreprint
Giletta, M., Choukas‐Bradley, S., Maes, M., Linthicum, K. P., Card, N. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/uwf49 · Cited by 8
Xing, X., Ma, Y., & Wang, M. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107349 · Cited by 4
Kim, J. W., & Song, M. R. (2014) · Korean Journal of Childcare and Education · doi:10.14698/jkcce.2014.10.6.123 · Cited by 3
Palmen, J. M. H. (2005) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 3
Sheller, B. L. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118852446.ch4 · Cited by 4
Dyer, N. (2011) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 2
Kim, M., & Doh, H.-S. (2017) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2017.38.2.133 · Cited by 2
Pahlke, E. E. (2009) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 2
Friends' influences on young people's aggression risk
Cheung, C., & Tse, J. W. L. (2011) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.002 · Cited by 2
The Effect of Sleep Duration on Youth School Adjustment Mediated by Parenting Behavior
Kim, S. J., & Chung, I. (2016) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2016.37.3.13 · Cited by 2
Russian Parenting: Interactions with Relational Aggression over Time
Keister, E. K. (2009) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) · Cited by 2
Sheller, B. L. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119680987.ch4 · Cited by 2
Huang, L., Chen, Y., Zhu, J., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.13018 · Cited by 1
Predicting weekday and weekend sleep: Interactions between peers and mothers
McWood, L. M., Erath, S. A., Hinnant, J. B., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70014 · Cited by 1
Wang, H., Wang, X., Meng, F., & Hai-ying, W. (2026) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-026-10671-x · Cited by 1
The reciprocal nature of the relationship between parenting and adolescent problem behaviors
Arım, R. G. (2009) · Open Collections · doi:10.14288/1.0054476 · Cited by 1
Gezinsbenaderingen bij jongeren met antisociaal gedrag
Deković, M., Asscher, J. J., & Manders, W. A. (2009) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7203-4_15 · Cited by 1
Self-citationRisking antisociality : Individual & social-interaction factors
Liljeberg, J. F. (2009) · Cited by 1
Bornstein, M. H., Jager, J., & Steinberg, L. D. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop206016 · Cited by 1
Developing adolescent sexuality in context: Relations with parents and peers
van de Bongardt, D. (2015) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 1
Friends or foes: Vrienden en siblings en de samenhang met probleemgedrag.
Verheij, Z., Kooijman, N., Sinnige, M., & Vankan, S. E. A. (2010) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Grupo de pares, comportamentos de risco e a saúde dos adolescentes portugueses
Tomé, G. (2011) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Nygren, K. (2012) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Peer and school externalizing behaviors among early adolescents: an ecological systems analysis
Hong, J. S. (2013) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Pathways from acculturation stress to negative friends and substance use among Latino adolescents
Buchanan, R. L. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/s8ha-yt33
段, 文. (2022) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2022.124125
Family communication patterns towards internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents
Sawitri, L. S., Widyasari, D. C., Karmiyati, D., Syakarofath, N. A., Mein-Woei, S., & Marsuki, N. (2024) · Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan · doi:10.22219/jipt.v12i1.27387
Çetinkaya-Yıldız, E., Çakır, S. G., Turanlı, A., & Bedir, M. (2026) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-026-00642-4
Metadata
- Authors
- Reitz, E., Deković, M., Meijer, A. M., & Engels, R. C. M. E.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Reitz, Ellen
- Venue
- The Journal of Early Adolescence
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 272-295
- ISSN
- 0272-4316 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5449
- OpenAlex
- W1983726289
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Early Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- parenting, best friends, peer deviance, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, bidirectional relations, reciprocal effects, peer selection, parent-adolescent relationships
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review