Helicopter Parenting and Emotional Problems in Chinese Emerging Adults: Are there Cross-lagged Effects and the Mediations of Autonomy?

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most studies revealed that helicopter parenting hurts adolescents and young adults.

“In contrast, most studies revealed that helicopter parenting hurts adolescents (Leung, 2020) and young adults (Wang et al., 2021).”

• cites Leung, 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The Overparenting and Adolescent Wellbeing section reports prior evidence linking overparenting to poorer wellbeing. But the Discussion and Results describe mixed findings for the Hong Kong adolescents studied: maternal overparenting was associated with more anxiety and depression, while paternal overparenting was associated with better life satisfaction. The source therefore supports potential harm to adolescents, not the unqualified claim that helicopter parenting hurts them; it also does not establish that most adolescent studies found harm. The young-adults portion is attributed to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Wang et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Undergraduates who experienced helicopter parenting are more likely to have anxiety and depressive symptoms.

“According to these findings, undergraduates who experienced helicopter parenting are more likely to have anxiety and depressive symptoms (Cui et al., 2018).”

• cites Cui et al., 2018 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Chinese version of the CESD showed good reliability in prior studies.

“Its Chinese vision showed good reliability in prior studies (e.g., Niu et al., 2021).”

• cites Niu et al., 2021 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Children must maintain their bodies for heredity purposes and contribute to society to honor the family.

“Children must maintain their bodies for heredity purposes and contribute to society to honor the family (Leung & Shek, 2018).”

• cites Leung & Shek, 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says personal achievement can bring pride and honor to the family. It does not say children must maintain their bodies for heredity or contribute to society, so those parts of the claim are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Emerging adults' emotional issues at Time 1 reduced their autonomy at Time 2, leading to increased helicopter parenting behaviors at Time 3.

“Emerging adults’ emotional issues at Time 1 reduced their autonomy at Time 2, leading to increased helicopter parenting behaviors at Time 3.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There was no significant age difference in all variables.

“The results of one-way ANOVA indicated that there was no significant age difference in all variables.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There was no significant gender difference in the variables measured in the first two times, except for the variables measured in the third time.

“The results of t-tests demonstrated no significant gender difference in the variables measured in the first two times, except for the variables measured in the third time.”

May combine two claims.

The indirect effect was 0.028, accounting for 20.29% of the total effect.

“The indirect effect was 0.028, accounting for 20.29% of the total effect.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Findings from the three models are comparable.

“Findings from the three models are comparable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Few variables differed by gender in this study and prior research.

“Few variables differed by gender in this study and prior research (Burke et al., 2018; Darlow et al., 2017).”

• cites Burke et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Darlow et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The 95% CI for the indirect path from emotional problems at T1 to helicopter parenting at T3 was [0.008, 0.066] and did not contain 0, indicating the indirect effect was significant.

“The 95% CI corresponding to the indirect path of emotional problems scores at T1 to helicopter parenting at T3 was [0.008, 0.066] and did not contain 0, indicating that the indirect effect was significant.”

May combine two claims.

Helicopter parenting did not have a longitudinal impact on emotional difficulties among emerging adults in chronological order but was a way of time dislocation.

“Conversely, helicopter parenting did not have a longitudinal impact on emotional difficulties among emerging adults in chronological order but was a way of time dislocation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Cross-lagged impacts existed between autonomous goal motivation and depression among undergraduates and graduates.

“cross-lagged impacts existed between autonomous goal motivation and depression among undergraduates and graduates (Moore et al., 2021)”

• cites Moore et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Chinese version of the Basic Needs Satisfaction In General Scale showed good reliability in prior studies.

“whose Chinese version showed good reliability in prior studies (e.g., Shen et al., 2013).”

• cites Shen et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Chinese version of the DASS depression subscale showed good reliability among Chinese college students.

“whose Chinese version also showed good reliability among Chinese college students (Gong et al., 2010).”

• cites Gong et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Helicopter parenting had a detrimental impact on autonomy (especially for females) or psychological needs, increasing anxiety and depressive symptoms among American and Chinese college students.

“The research has found that helicopter parenting had a detrimental impact on autonomy (especially for females) or psychological needs, increasing anxiety and depressive symptoms among American and Chinese college students (Schiffrin et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2021).”

• cites Schiffrin et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wang et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Helicopter parents may believe that their youngsters still require additional guidance due to the emotional challenges they face in college.

“Helicopter parents may also believe that their youngsters still require additional guidance due to the emotional challenges they face in college (Darlow et al., 2017).”

• cites Darlow et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Beck Anxiety Inventory was widely used in China and had good reliability among Chinese college students.

“which was widely used in China and had good reliability among Chinese college students (e.g., Zhou et al., 2018).”

• cites Zhou et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A change in one family member may affect other family members and the functions of the family system.

“Furthermore, a change in one family member may affect other family members and the functions of the family system (Bowen, 1993).”

• cites Bowen, 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The performance of autonomy in adolescents significantly predicted maternal control.

“the performance of autonomy in adolescents significantly predicted maternal control (Ravindran et al., 2020).”

• cites Ravindran et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Emerging adults' emotional problems may further undermine their autonomy or their desire for independence, forcing them to lean more heavily on their parents for support and finally increasing the use of helicopter parenting.

“In contrast, emerging adults’ emotional problems may further undermine their autonomy or their desire for independence (Larde, 2020), forcing them to lean more heavily on their parents for support and finally increasing the use of helicopter parenting (Schiffrin et al., 2019).”

• cites Larde, 2020Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schiffrin et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

As children grow up, their interactions with their parents should gradually shift from being in the "parental state versus child state" to being in the "adult state versus adult state."

“According to the theory of Berne (1968), as children grow up, their interactions with their parents should gradually shift from being in the “parental state versus child state” to being in the “adult state versus adult state.””

• cites Berne, 1968Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Chinese version of the helicopter parenting scale showed good reliability and validity among emerging Chinese adults.

“The Chinese version showed good reliability and validity among emerging Chinese adults (Wang et al., 2021).”

• cites Wang et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The scales all had good reliability and validity in the current study.

“The results indicated that the scales all had good reliability and validity in the current study.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is an interaction between parenting practices and psychological development in children.

“There is an interaction between parenting practices and psychological development in children (Sameroff & Mackenzie, 2003).”

• cites Sameroff & Mackenzie, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Parenting practices did not predict adolescents' internalizing problems assessed a year later, but internalizing problems in teenagers did predict parenting practices measured a year later.

“Whereas parenting practices did not predict adolescents’ internalizing problems assessed a year later, internalizing problems in teenagers did predict parenting practices measured a year later (Reitz et al., 2006).”

• cites Reitz et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

From the perspective of the self-defense mechanism, decreased autonomy is probably a regression.

“From the perspective of the self-defense mechanism, the decreased autonomy is probably a regression.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Emerging adults must continually maintain their dependence despite their urge to have independence as soon as possible.

“Emerging adults must continually maintain their dependence despite their urge to have independence as soon as possible (Odenweller et al., 2014).”

• cites Odenweller et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The statistical results of this study did not indicate any significant bias for the same methodology.

“even though the statistical results of this study did not indicate any significant bias for the same methodology.”

May combine two claims.

Although helicopter parenting could affect emerging adults' autonomy, which also could affect emerging adults' emotional difficulties at different times, helicopter parenting is more likely to be a reaction to emerging adults' maladaptation and lower autonomy.

“Although helicopter parenting could affect emerging adults’ autonomy, which also could affect emerging adults’ emotional difficulties at different times, helicopter parenting is more likely to be a reaction to emerging adults’ maladaptation and lower autonomy.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Youngsters in collectivist cultures are more likely to believe that parents should always assist their children and that children have the right to ask for their support.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Parents in collectivist cultures desire to provide their emerging-adult children with much more help.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Chinese children frequently take on or internalize their parents’ hopes and expectations, and Chinese parents always make all efforts to ensure their children succeed.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Children’s achievement results from the collaborative efforts of parents and children.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This study did not distinguish between father and mother in the measurement of helicopter parenting.

“Fifth, like most previous studies, this study did not distinguish between father and mother in the measurement of helicopter parenting, which is one of the future directions in this field.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the parent-child interaction, emerging adults begin to play a more dominant role.

“In the parent-child interaction, emerging adults begin to play a more dominant role.”

May combine two claims.

When students struggle in college, they become more dependent on their parents for support, which leads to increased helicopter parenting.

“As a result, when students struggle in college, they become more dependent on their parents for support, which leads to increased helicopter parenting (Schiffrin et al., 2019).”

• cites Schiffrin et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Youngsters in collectivist cultures are more likely to believe that parents should always assist their children and that children have the right to ask for their support.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Parents in collectivist cultures desire to provide their emerging-adult children with much more help.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Chinese children frequently take on or internalize their parents’ hopes and expectations, and Chinese parents always make all efforts to ensure their children succeed.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A retreated emerging adult will maintain the "child state" in parent-child interaction, leading parents to keep the "parental state."

“A retreated emerging adult will maintain the “child state” in parent-child interaction, leading parents to keep the “parental state.””

May combine two claims.

When emerging adults are maladjusted or in less self-determination, they may return to the "child state," and their parents may keep the "parent state" and give more help, interfere, or even control their college life.

“When emerging adults are maladjusted or in less self-determination, they may return to the “child state,” and their parents may keep the “parent state” and give more help, interfere, or even control their college life.”

May combine two claims.

Emerging adults' emotional problems reduced their autonomy, intensifying helicopter parenting.

“According to this result, emerging adults’ emotional problems reduced their autonomy, intensifying helicopter parenting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

College students are more likely to face temporary declines in self-assertion, self-evaluation, and autonomous behaviors if they experience more significant emotional difficulties at the beginning of the first semester.

“Explicitly speaking, college students are more likely to face temporary declines in self-assertion, self-evaluation, and autonomous behaviors if they experience more significant emotional difficulties at the beginning of the first semester (Moore et al., 2021).”

• cites Moore et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The cross-lagged analysis accounted for auto-regressive effects of the variables across the three measures, better revealing the relation between variables than regression analysis.

“Third, this study used a cross-lagged analysis to account for the auto-regressive effects of the variables across the three measures. This analysis better reveals the relation between the variables than the regression analysis.”