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Psychological well-being in professional orchestral musicians in Australia: A descriptive population study.

Kenny, Dianna, Driscoll, Tim, Ackermann, Bronwen·2014·Psychology of Music

DOI 10.1177/0305735612463950

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Abstract

We report the major findings from the psychosocial questionnaire component of a cross-sectional population survey of the musicians in Australia’s eight full-time professional symphonic and pit orchestras. The response rate was 70% ( n = 377). Female musicians reported significantly more trait anxiety, music performance anxiety, social anxiety, and other forms of anxiety and depression than male musicians. The youngest musicians (<30 years) were significantly more anxious compared with the oldest musicians (51+). The youngest female musicians were most affected by music performance anxiety. Music performance anxiety was lowest for the older musicians (51+ years). Thirty-three per cent of musicians may meet criteria for a diagnosis of social phobia. Twenty-two per cent answered in the affirmative to a question screening for post-traumatic stress disorder. Thirty-two per cent returned a positive depression screen; this subgroup had higher scores on the anxiety measures. Linear regression analysis identified the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), the Anxiety and Depression Detector (ADD) and age as independent predictors of music performance anxiety severity. Significant numbers of musicians drank alcohol in a manner outside the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) alcohol guidelines (2009); only 6% were current smokers. This study has identified a significant pattern of anxiety, depression and health behaviours that require attention in occupational health and safety policies and programmes for this workforce.

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Result
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Background
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“While music can be experienced as a relaxing hobby for amateurs, research shows that professional musicians often face performance anxiety (Kenny et al., 2014), depression, and social phobia (Ryan and Andrews, 2009).”
Background
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“This is consistent with previous research into musicians ’ psychological well-being; for example, Kenny et al. (2014) found that the youngest (female) musicians often report the highest levels of performance-related anxiety.”
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Influential
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“While some previous research has suggested that senior students experience higher MPA due to professional pressures (Studer et al., 2011; Kenny et al., 2012), our findings showed a different tendency.”
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Background
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Influential
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Background
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Bonshor, M. (2014) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 7
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“Studies have primarily focused on instrumentalists (Ryan & Andrews, 2009; Kenny et al. 2012); however, 57% of 201 choral singers have reported experiencing MPA (Ryan & Andrews, 2009) and further research found opera singers also exhibit high MPA levels (Kenny et al., 2004).”
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“The K-MPAI is widely used in MPA research and has demonstrated outstanding internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.94) (Chang-Arana et al., 2017), as well as convergent validity with widely accepted measures of trait and social anxiety [17,55].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Zanon, F. T., Marinho, H., Coimbra, D. D. C., & Martins, M. (2016) · Opus · doi:10.20504/opus2016b2213 · Cited by 4
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“Consideration of performance anxiety in dancers is important since it can impact negatively on well-being (Kenny, Driscoll, and Ackermann 2014) and dance performance.”
Background
Trait mindfulness plays a protective role in the positive relationships between stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal behavior in an at-risk population: Music industry touring professionals
Bergson, Z., Newman, C., George, R. P., Beitz, T., & Zemon, V. M. (2023) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356231159217 · Cited by 4
Focal Dystonia and the Stress Network: The Role of Stress Vulnerability and Adverse Childhood Experiences in the Development of Musician’s Dystonia
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Bonshor, M. (2014) · The Journal of Macrodynamic Analysis (Memorial University of Newfoundland) · Cited by 4
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Examining how brief mindfulness training influences communication within the brain of musicians with music performance anxiety: A resting state fMRI study.
Boileau, K., Stanson, N., Fang, Z., Barbeau, K., Hansen, U., Comeau, G., & Smith, A. (2025) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356241288551 · Cited by 3
Analyzing Music Performance Anxiety Within the Scope of Gender in Pianists
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‘Change comes from me’: music students’ health and institutional culture in higher education music institutions – a qualitative study in Eastern Europe
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“Musicians face various health issues related to their craft, including musculoskeletal injuries (Bal-lenberger, Avermann, and Zalpour 2023; Cruder et al. 2020), hearing loss (Di Stadio et al. 2018), and mental health challenges (Kenny, Driscoll, and Ackermann 2014; Schmidt et al. 2014, 2019).”
An investigation of studio music teachers’ strategies to manage music performance anxiety
Mazzarolo, I., Burwell, K., Osborne, M. S., & Schubert, E. (2026) · Research Studies in Music Education · doi:10.1177/1321103x251410523 · Cited by 4
“My Mind Varied Its Focus Quite a Bit”: A Thematic Analysis of the Attentional Focus of Aspiring Professional Violinists and Violists During Performance
Lubert, V. J., Chełkowska-Zacharewicz, M., & Gröpel, P. (2024) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/20592043241248266 · Cited by 4
“Musicians striving for an orchestral career usually must excel in an audition, a highly competitive pressure situation often inducing strong music performance anxiety that is dif-ﬁ cult to manage (Kenny et al., 2014).”
Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Attachment Trauma in Musicians with Severe Music Performance Anxiety
Kenny, D. T. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091270 · Cited by 3
“For the older, professional musician, other factors must be assessed, including performance-related musculoskeletal pain (Kenny et al., 2014), burnout, relationships, or other mental health issues (for a detailed exposition, see Kenny, 2011; Kenny & Ackermann, 2016; Ackermann et al., 2014).”
Experiences in Music Performance Anxiety: Exploration of Pedagogical Instruction Among Professional Musicians
Clearman, J. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37480-8_14 · Cited by 3
Music Therapists as Clients: Therapy-Seeking and Utilization of Personal Therapy by Music Therapists
Kendrick, C. J. (2021) · Music Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1093/mtp/miab012 · Cited by 3
Music performance anxiety and its relation to parenting style and sensory processing sensitivity
Aubry, L., & Küssner, M. B. (2023) · Jahrbuch der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Musikpsychologie/Jahrbuch Musikpsychologie · doi:10.5964/jbdgm.155 · Cited by 3
The linear and curvilinear relation between personality and subjective well‐being in visual artists: Perceived creation stress as a mediator
Chen, C., Wang, K., Chen, S., Zhou, Y., & Zhou, M. (2019) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.329 · Cited by 3
Sources of occupational stress among the military musicians of the Royal Air Force
Davison, D. (2020) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001432 · Cited by 3
Music performance anxiety and its anxiety correlatesPreprint
Wiedemann, A. M., Vogel, D., Voss, C., & Hoyer, J. (2019) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/xpjyb · Cited by 3
Psychological flexibility for the well-being of musicians: New possibilities for psychological counseling
Chełkowska-Zacharewicz, M., & Baran, L. (2023) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/10298649231179430 · Cited by 2
“There is some evidence that MPA is both related to musical experience (e.g., Biasutti & Concina, 2014) and rarer in older and professional musicians than younger musicians (Kenny et al., 2014).”
Background
A multiple case study on drag culture and substance use
Tillewein, H., & Kruse‐Diehr, A. J. (2021) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2021.1875347 · Cited by 2
Fostering Musicians’ Wellbeing
Ascenso, S., Fave, A. D., Perkins, R., & Williamon, A. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190058869.013.27 · Cited by 2
Exploring the structure and functional meaning of pre-performance emotions in young adult musicians
Kaleńska-Rodzaj, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27406-x · Cited by 2
“Professional orchestral musicians report the most useful strategies for managing MPA as increased practice (technological), relaxation techniques, cognitive reinterpretation, social support (psychological), and substance use (pharmacological) 39 .”
Health and well-being in metal musicians: a scoping review
Rousseau, C., Möller, D., Vincent, A., & Charbonnier, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1737492 · Cited by 4
“These health issues encompass various disorders, including musculoskeletal (Kok et al., 2016) and neurological (Altenmüller and Jabusch, 2010), auditory (Di Stadio et al., 2018), vocal (Pestana et al., 2017), and mental health problems (Kenny et al., 2014).”
Physiological evidence of stress during woodwind sight-reading
Zhukov, K. (2019) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/2059204319840730 · Cited by 2
The Benefit of Using a Psychoeducation Program Integrated with Quranic Values to Mathematics Anxiety Among Students
Winarso, W., Alsa, A., & Khilmiyah, A. (2022) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36941/ajis-2022-0164 · Cited by 2
Scenic Anxiety in Professional Music Education Studies Learners’
Guirado, E. M., & Clares, M. E. C. (2023) · Revista Electrónica de LEEME · doi:10.7203/leeme.51.24337 · Cited by 2
“Although there are some medications to prevent or manage anxiety -Kenny et al. (2012) remarked propranolol and nadolol-, the most up-dated trends support the use of psychological therapies, which have demonstrated to be as powerful as medications (Godoy et al. , 2019; Pérez-Saussol & Iniesta, 2020).”
Background
Are we all anxious about the same thing? A comparison of lay definitions of music making and performance in the context of music participation
Rivera, K. M., Smyth, L., Pike-Rowney, G., & West, S. (2024) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356241256958 · Cited by 3
“…as a significant problem for professional musicians in the classical tradition (Fernholz et al., 2019; Fishbein et al., 1988; Kenny & Ackermann, 2015; Kenny et al., 2014; Roland, 1994), but also in jazz pop music genres (Cooper & Wills, 1989; Martin-Gagnon & Creech, 2019; Nusseck et al., 2015).”
Music performance anxiety: priority targets in prevention and intervention
Martins, M., Salgado, B. S., & Silva, S. (2024) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2024.2428950 · Cited by 3
“For age , the literature is mixed (for a review see Fern-holz et al., 2019), supporting both positive associations (e.g., Kenny et al., 2014; Steptoe & Fidler, 1987) and null findings (no association; Van Kemenade et al., 1995; Wesner et al., 1990), and suggesting that adolescence may be the most…”
Validation of the Japanese version of the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory-Revised
Takagi, S., Yoshie, M., & Murai, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1543958 · Cited by 2
“Overall, the factor structure of the Japanese version of the K-MPAI-R is closely aligned with that identiﬁed by Kenny et al. (2012).”
Influential
The mental health of musicians: A scoping review
Kegelaers, J. J., & Gibney, A. (2025) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356251384977 · Cited by 2
Effects of Coping-Infused Dialogue through Patient Preferred Music on Affective State and Pain with Adult Medical Inpatients: Two Randomized Pilot Studies
Silverman, M. J., Nuehring, L., & Letwin, L. (2016) · International Journal of Music and Performing Arts · doi:10.15640/ijmpa.v4n1a2 · Cited by 3
REDUCING STUDENT ANXIETY IN ONLINE TERTIARY MUSIC EDUCATION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR LEARNING
Blackburn, A., & McGrath, N. (2021) · International journal on innovations in online education · doi:10.1615/intjinnovonlineedu.2022042631 · Cited by 2
When nerves hit: The effect of trait anxiety, situational stress, and task mastery on the perception and interpersonal accuracy of musical expressiveness
Chang-Arana, Á. M., Mavrolampados, A., Pokki, N., & Thompson, M. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1061922 · Cited by 2
“, 2018), as well as professional musicians (Roland, 1994; Kenny et al., 2012; Biasutti and Concina, 2014) report inadequate preparation for a performance as a cause for experiencing MPA.”
Background
Composing and Improvising
Woody, R. H. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197546598.003.0007 · Cited by 2
Perspectives on Incorporating Health Promotion into Post-Secondary Violin Studio Lessons: A Multi-Phase Qualitative Study
Thacker, L. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 2
Exploring psychological wellbeing in actors: a qualitative study of professionals and students
Robb, A. E. (2018) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · doi:10.25909/5ba1acea145f2 · Cited by 2
Out of the Frying Pan and Into the Fire: Music Education, Mental Health, and Our Students’ Futures
Musgrave, G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64013-1_8 · Cited by 1
Undergraduate Music Students’ Self-Reports of Conducting Anxiety in Introductory Conducting Courses
Regier, B. J., Baughman, M., Scherer, A. D., & Silvey, B. A. (2025) · Journal of Research in Music Education · doi:10.1177/00224294251319502 · Cited by 1
“…therapy-based interventions are effective in treating MPA (S. Cohen & Bodner, 2019; Mumm et al., 2020); however, pharmacological methods, such as beta blockers, are more frequently used, often without medical supervision (S. Cohen & Bodner, 2019; Fehm & Schmidt, 2006; Kenny et al., 2014).”
Anxiety Before and During Music Stage Performance: Monitoring and Coping Strategies with Innovative Biofeedback Techniques
Sun, W. (2025) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-025-09722-0 · Cited by 1
“According to previous studies (Kenny et al., 2012 ), women and young musicians under 30 years constitute the two categories of musicians that are the most vulnerable to MPA and other mental disorders.”
Risks and protective factors for injury among musicians: The impact of motivation, self-efficacy and rumination
Philippe, R. A., Tâche, M., Jaunin, C., Arcier, J.-F., & Caumeil, B. (2025) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356251344952 · Cited by 1
“These data seem to converge around the idea that playing music at a professional level could have a deleterious effect on performers’ well-being to a greater extent than at amateur level (Fishbein et al., 1988; Gross & Musgrave, 2020; Kenny & Ackermann, 2015; Kenny et al., 2012).”
Examining the CRAFT program’s impact on student musicians’ well-being compared to controls
Bartos, L. J., Posadas, M. P., Wrapson, W., Medvedev, O. N., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2025) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/10298649251347365 · Cited by 1

Authors: Kenny, D., Driscoll, T., & Ackermann, B.
Affiliations: The University of Sydney (AU)
ORCID: Kenny, Dianna
Driscoll, Tim
Ackermann, Bronwen
Venue: Psychology of Music
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-12-12
Volume: 42
Issue: 2
Pages: 210-232
ISSN: 0305-7356 (ISSN-L)
1741-3087
DOI: 10.1177/0305735612463950
OpenAlex: W2163499944
Cited by: 309
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 5.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychology of Music (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Musicians’ Health and Performance
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Diverse Music Education Insights
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
Keywords: orchestral musicians, professional musicians, psychological well-being, music performance anxiety, social anxiety, depression, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, gender differences, age differences, alcohol consumption, smoking, occupational health and safety, health behavior

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Psychological well-being in professional orchestral musicians in Australia: A descriptive population study.

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