Ketamine Dependence
Open accessAbstract
Ketamine hydrochloride is a safe and rapid-acting non-opioid, lipid soluble anaesthetic with a short elimination half-life that is used for medical and veterinary purposes. It produces a state of “dissociative anaesthesia”, probably from action on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The psychotropic effects of ketamine range from dissociation and depersonalization to psychotic experiences and include a sensation of feeling light, body distortion, absence of time sense, novel experiences of cosmic oneness and out-of-body experiences. Abuse of ketamine has been reported, the typical abuser being an individual who uses multiple drugs and has some contact with medical agencies. This case demonstrates the effects of large doses of ketamine in a person with polysubstance abuse. The case also highlights development of significant tolerance to ketamine without prominent withdrawal symptoms. Caution in use of ketamine is reiterated in light of its abuse liability.
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Episodes of long duration of withdrawal symptoms (depression, anxiety, mania, tinnitus, nausea, unexplained fear, and dizziness) were described after SNRIs discontinuation, suggesting the occurrence of persistent post-withdrawal disorders.
“Episodes of long duration of withdrawal symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, mania, tinnitus, nausea, unexplained fear, and dizziness) were described after SNRIs discontinuation, suggesting the occurrence of persistent post-withdrawal disorders [120-123].”
From Acute and Persistent Withdrawal Syndromes Following Discontinuation of Psychotropic Medications (2020) · cites this paper as [123]
The Case History and Discussion describe ketamine dependence and report no physical withdrawal symptoms from ketamine apart from insomnia. Searches for SNRI discontinuation and prolonged antidepressant withdrawal found no passage addressing the claimed symptoms or persistent post-withdrawal disorders. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured3 out of the 4 studies reporting SNRI persistent post-withdrawal disorders were on venlafaxine and 1 was on duloxetine.
“To be noted that 3 out of the 4 studies reporting SNRI persistent post-withdrawal disorders were on venlafaxine [120-122] and 1 was on duloxetine [123].”
From Acute and Persistent Withdrawal Syndromes Following Discontinuation of Psychotropic Medications (2020) · cites this paper as [123]
The Case History and Discussion describe ketamine dependence and withdrawal, not SNRI post-withdrawal disorders. Searches for venlafaxine, duloxetine, and antidepressant discontinuation found no passage addressing the claimed breakdown of four studies. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Pal, H. R., Berry, N., Kumar, R., & Ray, R.
- Affiliations
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Venue
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 382-384
- ISSN
- 0310-057X (ISSN-L)
- 1448-0271
- OpenAlex
- W4235664785
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- ketamine dependence, ketamine abuse, polysubstance abuse, dissociative anesthesia, NMDA receptor, psychotropic effects, abuse liability, dissociation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anesthetics, Dissociative, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Ketamine, Male, Treatment Outcome, Risk Assessment, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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