Ketamine use: a review
Abstract
Aims Ketamine remains an important medicine in both specialist anaesthesia and aspects of pain management. At the same time, its use as a recreational drug has spread in many parts of the world during the past few years. There are now increasing concerns about the harmful physical and psychological consequences of repeated misuse of this drug. The aim of this review was to survey and integrate the research literature on physical, psychological and social harms of both acute and chronic ketamine use. Method The literature on ketamine was systematically searched and findings were classified into the matrix of Nutt et al.'s (2007) rational scale for assessing the harms of psychoactive substances. Results A major physical harm is ketamine induced ulcerative cystitis which, although its aetiology is unclear, seems particularly associated with chronic, frequent use of the drug. Frequent, daily use is also associated with neurocognitive impairment and, most robustly, deficits in working and episodic memory. Recent studies suggest certain neurological abnormalities which may underpin these cognitive effects. Many frequent users are concerned about addiction and report trying but failing to stop using ketamine. Conclusions The implications of these findings are drawn out for treatment of ketamine‐induced ulcerative cystitis in which interventions from urologists and from addiction specialists should be coordinated. Neurocognitive impairment in frequent users can impact negatively upon achievement in education and at work, and also compound addiction problems. Prevention and harm minimization campaigns are needed to alert young people to these harmful and potentially chronic effects of ketamine.
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Side effects such as ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis and dependence may pose a concern, especially with frequent and prolonged ketamine use.
“However, side effects such as ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis and dependence may pose a concern, especially when ketamine use is frequent and of prolonged duration (Short et al., 2018;Morgan et al., 2012).”
From Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Morgan et al., 2012
Three of the six deaths in the esketamine trials were suicides.
“Three were suicides (Table 1).”
From Are we repeating mistakes of the past? A review of the evidence for esketamine (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
The FDA noted mis-classification, under-reporting, and mis-representation of adverse events, so the presented data likely underestimates the incidence of adverse events.
“However, the FDA noted that there was mis-classification, under-reporting and mis-representation of the adverse events so that the presented data likely represents an underestimation of the incidence of adverse events 30 .”
From Are we repeating mistakes of the past? A review of the evidence for esketamine (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Morgan, C. J. A., Curran, H. V., & the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD)
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Curran, H. Valerie
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-07-22
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-38
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- OpenAlex
- W1961364466
- Cited by
- 667
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES-000-23-0945)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Keywords
- ketamine, recreational drug use, neurocognitive impairment, memory impairment, harm reduction, pain management, anesthesia, harm prevention
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Anesthetics, Dissociative, Animals, Child, Chronic Disease, Cystitis, Educational Status, Humans, Ketamine, Male, Memory Disorders, Risk-Taking, Abdominal Pain, Behavior, Addictive, Substance-Related Disorders, Rats, Young Adult, Cognitive Dysfunction
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