Effects of Applied Quadriceps and Hamstrings Muscle Loads on Forces in the Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments
Abstract
Background: Muscle contraction can subject healing knee ligament grafts to high loads. Purpose: To directly measure the effects of quadriceps and hamstrings muscle loads on forces in the anterior cruciate ligaments and posterior cruciate ligaments. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Thirteen cadaveric knee specimens had load cells installed to record resultant forces in both anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments under 5 loading conditions. Cruciate force measurements were repeated with a 100-N load applied to the quadriceps tendon and again with a combined 50-N biceps load and 50-N semimembranosus-semitendinosus load. Results: Applied quadriceps loads resulted in mean changes in anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament forces that were less than 20 N for all loading conditions. Hamstrings load significantly increased mean posterior cruciate ligament force between 30° and 105° of flexion with 100 N of applied posterior tibial force. Conclusions: At the muscle force levels used in this study, the hamstrings were more effective than the quadriceps in altering cruciate force levels, especially near 90° of flexion, where they have an excellent mechanical advantage for controlling anterior-posterior tibial translation. Clinical Relevance: Isolated hamstrings activity generally had little or no effect on anterior cruciate ligament forces but significantly increased forces in the posterior cruciate ligament beyond approximately 30° of flexion.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A technique involving isolation of the tibial attachment of the cruciate ligament by creating a bone plug and attaching a load sensor has been proposed to measure native ACL force in cadaveric knees.
“investigators have proposed a technique involving the isolation of the tibial attachment of the cruciate ligament by creating a bone plug and attaching a load sensor to measure the native ACL force in cadaveric knees [5, 6].”
This approach is limited to ex vivo applications.
“This approach is limited to ex vivo applications.”
Another experimental study simulated active extension of the lower limb against gravity by loading the quadriceps musculature, and the result showed an increased load on the ACL from 0° to 45° of flexion.
“Another experimental study simulated active extension of the lower limb against gravity by loading the quadriceps musculature [6]. The result showed an increased load on the ACL from 0° to 45° of flexion.”
Cites
Combined knee loading states that generate high anterior cruciate ligament forces
Markolf, K. L., Burchfield, D. M., Shapiro, M. M., Shepard, M. F., Finerman, G. A. M., & Slauterbeck, J. L. (1995) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100130618 · Cited by 1,038 · see citing works
Self-citationMarkolf, K. L., Gorek, J. F., Kabo, J. M., & Shapiro, M. S. (1990) · The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-199072040-00014 · Cited by 610 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Details of load cell installation and bench testing can be found in our prior publications.(10,11,14,15) A modification to this test apparatus was made that allowed application of muscle loads as the knee was passively extended under the above tibial loading conditions.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationLi, G., Rudy, T. W., Sakane, M., Kanamori, A., Ma, C. B., & Woo, S. L. (1999) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(98)00181-x · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strain Behavior During Rehabilitation Exercises In Vivo
Beynnon, B. D., Fleming, B. C., Johnson, R. J., Nichols, C. E., Renström, P. A. F. H., & Pope, M. H. (1995) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659502300105 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
The Strain Behavior of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament During Squatting and Active Flexion-Extension
Beynnon, B. D., Johnson, R. J., Fleming, B. C., Stankewich, C. J., Renström, P. A. F. H., & Nichols, C. E. (1997) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659702500616 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Direct in vitro measurement of forces in the cruciate ligaments. Part I
Wascher, D. C., Markolf, K. L., Shapiro, M. S., & Finerman, G. A. M. (1993) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-199303000-00009 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationIn‐vitro ligament tension pattern in the flexed knee in passive loading
Ahmed, A. M., Hyder, A., Burke, D. L., & Chan, K. H. (1987) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100050208 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Markolf, K. L., Burchfield, D. M., Shapiro, M. M., Davis, B. R., Finerman, G. A. M., & Slauterbeck, J. L. (1996) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-199611000-00013 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationLewis, J. L., Lew, W. D., & Schmidt, J. (1982) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.3138325 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
A Biomechanical Study of Replacement of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament with a Graft. Part I
Markolf, K. L., Slauterbeck, J. R., Armstrong, K. L., Shapiro, M. S., & Finerman, G. A. M. (1997) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-199703000-00009 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationOakes, D. A., Markolf, K. L., McWilliams, J. P., Young, C. R., & McAllister, D. R. (2002) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-200206000-00007 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationDesign and Performance of a Modified Buckle Transducer for the Measurement of Ligament Tension
Barry, D., & Ahmed, A. M. (1986) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.3138594 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Markolf, K. L., Willems, M. J., Jackson, S. R., & Finerman, G. A. M. (1998) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100160411 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationHöher, J., Vogrin, T. M., Woo, S. L.-Y., Carlin, G. J., Årøen, A., & Harner, C. D. (1999) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100170522 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effects of combined knee loadings on posterior cruciate ligament force generation
Markolf, K. L., Slauterbeck, J. L., Armstrong, K. L., Shapiro, M. M., & Finerman, G. A. M. (1996) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100140419 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationMarkolf, K. L., Willems, M. J., Jackson, S. R., & Finerman, G. A. M. (1998) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100160410 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mechanisms of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Basketball: Video Analysis of 39 Cases
Krosshaug, T., Nakamae, A., Boden, B. P., Engebretsen, L., Smith, G., Slauterbeck, J. R., Hewett, T. E., & Bahr, R. (2007) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546506293899 · Cited by 1,212 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Shimokochi, Y., & Shultz, S. J. (2008) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-43.4.396 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
The Effect of Angle and Velocity on Change of Direction Biomechanics: An Angle-Velocity Trade-Off
Dos’Santos, T., THOMAS, C. R., Comfort, P., & Jones, P. A. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0968-3 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
The Effect of Technique Change on Knee Loads during Sidestep Cutting
Dempsey, A. R., Lloyd, D. G., Elliott, B. C., Steele, J. R., Munro, B. J., & Russo, K. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31812f56d1 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
The anterior cruciate ligament injury controversy: is “valgus collapse” a sex-specific mechanism?
Quatman, C. E., & Hewett, T. E. (2009) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.059139 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Biomechanical Differences Between Unilateral and Bilateral Landings From a Jump: Gender Differences
Pappas, E., Hagins, M., Sheikhzadeh, A., Nordin, M. C., & Rose, D. J. (2007) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e31811f415b · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Biomechanics of the knee joint in flexion under various quadriceps forces
Mesfar, W., & Shirazi-Adl, A. (2005) · The Knee · doi:10.1016/j.knee.2005.03.004 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Withrow, T. J., Huston, L. J., Wojtys, E. M., & Ashton‐Miller, J. A. (2005) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546505280906 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Bere, T., Flørenes, T., Krosshaug, T., Koga, H., Nordsletten, L., Irving, C., Muller, E., Reid, R., Senner, V., & Bahr, R. (2011) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546511405147 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Research approaches to describe the mechanisms of injuries in sport: limitations and possibilities
Krosshaug, T., Andersen, T., Olsen, O., Myklebust, G., & Bahr, R. (2005) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018358 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Landry, S. C., McKean, K. A., Hubley‐Kozey, C. L., Stanish, W. D., & Deluzio, K. J. (2007) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546507300823 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Levine, J. W., Kiapour, A. M., Quatman, C. E., Wordeman, S. C., Goel, V. K., Hewett, T. E., & Demetropoulos, C. K. (2012) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546512465167 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Combined Anatomic Factors Predicting Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury for Males and Females
Sturnick, D. R., Vacek, P. M., DeSarno, M., Gardner-Morse, M. G., Tourville, T. W., Slauterbeck, J. R., Johnson, R. J., Shultz, S. J., & Beynnon, B. D. (2015) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546514563277 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
What Strains the Anterior Cruciate Ligament During a Pivot Landing?
Oh, Y. K., Lipps, D. B., Ashton‐Miller, J. A., & Wojtys, E. M. (2012) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546511432544 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Withrow, T. J., Huston, L. J., Wojtys, E. M., & Ashton‐Miller, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.f.01352 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Muscle Force Contributions to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Loading
Maniar, N., Cole, M. H., Bryant, A. L., & Opar, D. A. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01674-3 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Mokhtarzadeh, H., Yeow, C., Goh, J. C., Oetomo, D., Malekipour, F., & Lee, P. V. S. (2013) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.04.010 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Blackburn, J. T., Bell, D. R., Norcross, M. F., Hudson, J. D., & Engstrom, L. A. (2008) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.08.005 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Hip extension, knee flexion paradox: A new mechanism for non-contact ACL injury
Hashemi, J., Breighner, R. E., Chandrashekar, N., Hardy, D. M., Chaudhari, A. M. W., Shultz, S. J., Slauterbeck, J. R., & Beynnon, B. D. (2010) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.11.013 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Dos’Santos, T., THOMAS, C. R., McBurnie, A. J., Comfort, P., & Jones, P. A. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01448-3 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Training Affects Knee Kinematics and Kinetics in Cutting Maneuvers in Sport
Wilkie, J. C., Lloyd, D. G., Besier, T. F., Elliott, B. C., Doyle, T. L. A., & Ackland, T. R. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181d03ba0 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Herbort, M., Michel, P. A., Raschke, M. C. E. J., Vogel, N., Schulze, M., Zoll, A., Fink, C., Petersen, W. J., & Domnick, C. (2016) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546516677728 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Xu, D., Jiang, X., Cen, X., Baker, J. S., & Gu, Y. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11010130 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Loading mechanisms of the anterior cruciate ligament
Beaulieu, M. L., Ashton‐Miller, J. A., & Wojtys, E. M. (2021) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1916578 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Shimokochi, Y., Lee, S. Y., Shultz, S. J., & Schmitz, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-44.1.33 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Thigh Strength and Activation as Predictors of Knee Biomechanics During a Drop Jump Task
Shultz, S. J., Nguyen, A., LEONARD, M. D., & Schmitz, R. J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181e3b3f · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Effects of Different Visual Stimuli on Postures and Knee Moments during Sidestepping
Lee, M. J. C., Lloyd, D. G., Lay, B. S., Bourke, P. D., & Alderson, J. A. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318290c28a · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Kim, J., Lee, K.-K., Kong, S. J., An, K. O., Jeong, J. H., & Lee, Y. S. (2014) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546514531578 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Halloran, J. P., Ackermann, M., Erdemir, A., & van den Bogert, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.05.036 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Dos’Santos, T., THOMAS, C. R., Comfort, P., & Jones, P. A. (2018) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000395 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Current Concepts in the Recognition and Treatment of Posterolateral Corner Injuries of the Knee
Lunden, J. B., Bzdusek, P. J., Monson, J. K., Malcomson, K. W., & LaPrade, R. F. (2010) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3269 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Almonroeder, T. G., Garcia, E., & Kurt, M. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Oh, Y. K., Kreinbrink, J. L., Wojtys, E. M., & Ashton‐Miller, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.21572 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Kiapour, A. M., Quatman, C. E., Goel, V. K., Wordeman, S. C., Hewett, T. E., & Demetropoulos, C. K. (2013) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.10.017 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Pfile, K. R., Hart, J. M., Herman, D. C., Hertel, J. N., Kerrigan, D. C., & Ingersoll, C. D. (2013) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-48.4.06 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Gender Comparisons between Unilateral and Bilateral Landings
Weinhandl, J. T., Joshi, M., & O’Connor, K. M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.26.4.444 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mechanism of Injury and Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Wetters, N. G., Weber, A. E., Wuerz, T. H., Schub, D. L., & Mandelbaum, B. R. (2015) · Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.otsm.2015.09.001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Role of gastrocnemius activation in knee joint biomechanics: gastrocnemius acts as an ACL antagonist
Adouni, M., Shirazi-Adl, A., & Marouane, H. (2015) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1080/10255842.2015.1032943 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Parsons, J. L., & Alexander, M. J. L. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31822e5876 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Myers, C. A., Torry, M. R., Shelburne, K. B., Giphart, J. E., LaPrade, R. F., Woo, S. L., & Steadman, J. R. (2011) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546511423746 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Knee joint mechanics under quadriceps–hamstrings muscle forces are influenced by tibial restraint
Mesfar, W., & Shirazi-Adl, A. (2006) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.04.014 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Lower Extremity Alignment Characteristics and Anterior Knee Joint Laxity
Shultz, S. J., Nguyen, A., & Levine, B. J. (2009) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/1941738108326702 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cruciate Ligament Force during the Wall Squat and the One-Leg Squat
Escamilla, R. F., Zheng, N. N., Imamura, R., MacLeod, T. D., Edwards, W. B., Hreljac, A. P., Fleisig, G. S., Wilk, K. E., Moorman, C. T., & Andrews, J. R. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181882c6d · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Effect of Menstrual-Cycle Phase on Hamstring Extensibility and Muscle Stiffness
Bell, D. R., Myrick, M. P., Blackburn, J. T., Shultz, S. J., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Padua, D. A. (2009) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.18.4.553 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Influences of hamstring stiffness and strength on anterior knee joint stability
Blackburn, J. T., Norcross, M. F., & Padua, D. A. (2010) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.10.002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The significant effect of the medial hamstrings on dynamic knee stability
Toor, A. S., Limpisvasti, O., Ihn, H. E., McGarry, M. H., Banffy, M. B., & Lee, T. Q. (2018) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-018-5283-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Effects of Repetitive Drop Jumps on Impact Phase Joint Kinematics and Kinetics
Weinhandl, J. T., Smith, J. D., & Dugan, E. L. (2011) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.27.2.108 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effect of tibial tubercle elevation on biomechanics of the entire knee joint under muscle loads
Shirazi-Adl, A., & Mesfar, W. (2006) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.11.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Loading Patterns of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament in the Healthy Knee: A Systematic Review
Nasab, S. H. H., List, R., Oberhofer, K., Fucentese, S. F., Snedeker, J. G., & Taylor, W. R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167106 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Ali, N. F., Andersen, M. S., Rasmussen, J., Robertson, D. G. E., & Rouhi, G. (2013) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1080/10255842.2012.758718 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Muscle Stiffness Across the Menstrual Cycle
Bell, D. R., Blackburn, J. T., Ondrak, K. S., Hackney, A. C., Hudson, J. D., Norcross, M. F., & Padua, D. A. (2011) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e318230f50a · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Dynamic Restraints of the Medial Side of the Knee: The Semimembranosus Corner Revisited
Kittl, C., Becker, D., Raschke, M. C. E. J., Müller, M. C., Wierer, G., Domnick, C., Glasbrenner, J., Michel, P. A., & Herbort, M. (2019) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546519829384 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Królikowska, A., Sikorski, Ł., Czamara, A., & Reichert, P. (2018) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.912162 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Postoperative Rehabilitation and Return to Sport Following Multiligament Knee Reconstruction
Monson, J. K., Schoenecker, J. H., Schwery, N., Palmer, J., Rodriguez, A. N., & LaPrade, R. F. (2022) · Arthroscopy Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.08.020 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Posterolateral Structures of the Knee in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency
Kozánek, M., Fu, E. C., de Velde, S. K. V., Gill, T. J., & Li, G. (2008) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546508325664 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Badawy, C. R., Jan, K., Beck, E. C., Fleet, N., Taylor, J. B., Ford, K. R., & Waterman, B. R. (2022) · Arthroscopy Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.11.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Knee Joint Laxity and Its Cyclic Variation Influence Tibiofemoral Motion during Weight Acceptance
Shultz, S. J., Schmitz, R. J., Nguyen, A., Levine, B. J., Kim, H., Montgomery, M. M., Shimokochi, Y., Beynnon, B. D., & Perrin, D. H. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181ed118d · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Identification of types of landings after blocking in volleyball associated with risk of ACL injury
Zahradník, D., Jandačka, D., Farana, R., Uchytil, J., & Hamill, J. (2016) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1220626 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hermann, A., & Senner, V. (2020) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2020.06.009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hume, D. R., Navacchia, A., Ali, A. A., & Shelburne, K. B. (2018) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.05.030 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Button, K., Deursen, R. W. M. V., & Price, P. (2008) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2008.03.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Azmi, N. L., Ding, Z., Xu, R., & Bull, A. M. J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190672 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Avedesian, J. M., Covassin, T., Baez, S., Nash, J., Nagelhout, E., & Dufek, J. S. (2021) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/23259671211032246 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Modern Treatment Principles for Multiligament Knee Injuries.
Braaten, J. A., Schreier, F. J., Rodriguez, A. N., Monson, J. K., & LaPrade, R. F. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22038/abjs.2021.60188.2971 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Verniba, D., Vescovi, J. D., Hood, D. A., & Gage, W. H. (2017) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-016-0072-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Southard, J., Kernozek, T. W., Ragan, R. J., & Willson, J. D. (2012) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1299750 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Senese, M., Greenberg, E. M., Lawrence, J. T. R., & Ganley, T. J. (2018) · International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.26603/ijspt20180737 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Schmitz, R. J., Kim, H., & Shultz, S. J. (2009) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009.09.004 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Posterior Cruciate Ligament: Anatomy, Biomechanics, and Double-Bundle Reconstruction
LaPrade, R. F., Floyd, E. R., Falaas, K. L., Ebert, N. J., Struyk, G. D., Carlson, G. B., Moatshe, G., Chahla, J. A., & Monson, J. K. (2021) · Journal of Arthroscopic Surgery and Sports Medicine · doi:10.25259/jassm_3_2021 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fujiya, H., Kousa, P., Fleming, B. C., Churchill, D. L., & Beynnon, B. D. (2011) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.06.006 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zago, M., Esposito, F., Stillavato, S., Zaffagnini, S., Frigo, C., & Villa, F. D. (2024) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465241248071 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Multiple Ligament Reconstructions of the Knee and Posterolateral Corner
Floyd, E. R., Carlson, G. B., Monson, J. K., & LaPrade, R. F. (2021) · Arthroscopy Techniques · doi:10.1016/j.eats.2021.01.024 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Vertical jump impulse deficits persist from six to nine months after ACL reconstruction
Costley, J., Miles, J. J., King, E. A., & Daniels, K. (2021) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1945137 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ali, N., & Rouhi, G. (2010) · Open Biomedical Engineering Journal · doi:10.2174/1874120701004010178 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effect of Hamstring-to-quadriceps Ratio on Knee Forces in Females During Landing
Heinert, B. L., Collins, T., Tehan, C., Ragan, R. J., & Kernozek, T. W. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1128-6995 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Smeets, A., Verheul, J., Vanrenterghem, J., Staes, F. F. G. M., Vandenneucker, H., Claes, S., & Verschueren, S. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002308 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Use of Robotic Manipulators to Study Diarthrodial Joint Function
Debski, R. E., Yamakawa, S., Musahl, V., & Fujie, H. (2017) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4035644 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
SINCLAIR, J. K., Brooks, D., & Stainton, P. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-018-04062-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Haddas, R., Hooper, T. L., James, C. R., & Sizer, P. S. (2016) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.18 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ameer, M. A., & Muaidi, Q. I. (2017) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.2017.1344514 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Computational frame of ligament in situ strain in a full knee model
Adouni, M., Faisal, T. R., & Dhaher, Y. Y. (2020) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104012 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zamankhanpour, M., Sheikhhoseini, R., Letafatkar, A., Piri, H., Asadi-Melerdi, S., & Abdollahi, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41648-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cassidy, K., Hangalur, G., Sabharwal, P., & Chandrashekar, N. (2013) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4023520 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Smeets, A., Vanrenterghem, J., Staes, F. F. G. M., Vandenneucker, H., Claes, S., & Verschueren, S. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002143 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Effects of tibiofemoral compression on ACL forces and knee kinematics under combined knee loads
Markolf, K. L., Yamaguchi, K. T., Matthew, J., & McAllister, D. R. (2019) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.24233 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE INFLUENCE OF ATTENTIONAL FOCUS ON LANDING STIFFNESS IN FEMALE ATHLETES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Almonroeder, T. G., Jayawickrema, J., Richardson, C. T., & Mercker, K. L. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.26603/ijspt20200510 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Knee Stability in Response to Whole-Body Vibration
Sañudo, B., Madueño, A. F., Páez, L. C., Lora, M. D. H., Santos, R., & Gamboa, H. F. S. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823b0716 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lower extremity muscle contributions to ACL loading during a stop-jump task
Peel, S. A., Schroeder, L. E., & Weinhandl, J. T. (2021) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110426 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Smeets, A., Willems, M., Gilson, L., Verschueren, S., Staes, F. F. G. M., Vandenneucker, H., Claes, S., & Vanrenterghem, J. (2021) · The Knee · doi:10.1016/j.knee.2021.10.020 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pournasiri, F., Zarei, M., Mainer-Pardos, E., Rubio‐Morales, A., & Nobarı, H. (2023) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02819-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mateus, R. B., Ferrer-Roca, V., João, F., & Veloso, A. (2020) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110047 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Functional knee brace use effect on peak vertical ground reaction forces during drop jump landing
Rishiraj, N., Taunton, J. E., Lloyd-Smith, R., Regan, W. D., NIVEN, B. E., & Woollard, R. F. (2012) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-012-1911-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mae, T., Shino, K., Matsumoto, N., Maeda, A., Nakata, K., & Yoneda, M. (2009) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2009.07.016 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Salehghaffari, S., & Dhaher, Y. Y. (2014) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.03.003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Xiao, Y., Ling, M., Liang, Z., Ding, J., Zhan, S., Hu, H., & Chen, B. (2021) · International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11548-021-02307-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Another experimental study simulated active extension of the lower limb against gravity by loading the quadriceps musculature [6].”
BackgroundKacprzak, B., Stańczak, M., Surmacz, J., & Hagner–Derengowska, M. (2024) · Orthopedic Reviews · doi:10.52965/001c.126041 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Current Rehabilitation Principles Following Meniscus Repairs
Monson, J. K., Tollefson, L. V., LaPrade, C. M., & LaPrade, R. F. (2025) · Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12178-025-09967-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fujii, M., Sato, H., & Takahira, N. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Associated ACL risk factors differences during an unanticipated volleyball blocking movement
Zahradník, D., Jandačka, D., Beinhauerova, G., & Hamill, J. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1785727 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lower medial hamstring activity after ACL reconstruction during running: a cross-sectional study
Einarsson, E., Thomson, A., Sas, B., Hansen, C., Gíslason, M. K., & Whiteley, R. J. (2021) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000875 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Markolf, K. L., O'Neill, G., Jackson, S. R., & McAllister, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1144-1149
- ISSN
- 0363-5465 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3365
- OpenAlex
- W2118040773
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
- Keywords
- anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, knee flexion angle, tibial translation, ligament healing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cadaver, Female, Humans, Knee Joint, Male, Middle Aged, Tendons, Range of Motion, Articular, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, Weight-Bearing, Muscle, Skeletal, Torque
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
