Cited by 229Knee injuries and reconstruction techniquesLower Extremity Biomechanics and PathologiesTendon Structure and Treatment

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Effects of Applied Quadriceps and Hamstrings Muscle Loads on Forces in the Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments

Markolf, Keith L., O'Neill, Geoffery, Jackson, Steven R., McAllister, David R.·2004·The American Journal of Sports Medicine

DOI 10.1177/0363546503262198

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Abstract

Background: Muscle contraction can subject healing knee ligament grafts to high loads. Purpose: To directly measure the effects of quadriceps and hamstrings muscle loads on forces in the anterior cruciate ligaments and posterior cruciate ligaments. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Thirteen cadaveric knee specimens had load cells installed to record resultant forces in both anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments under 5 loading conditions. Cruciate force measurements were repeated with a 100-N load applied to the quadriceps tendon and again with a combined 50-N biceps load and 50-N semimembranosus-semitendinosus load. Results: Applied quadriceps loads resulted in mean changes in anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament forces that were less than 20 N for all loading conditions. Hamstrings load significantly increased mean posterior cruciate ligament force between 30° and 105° of flexion with 100 N of applied posterior tibial force. Conclusions: At the muscle force levels used in this study, the hamstrings were more effective than the quadriceps in altering cruciate force levels, especially near 90° of flexion, where they have an excellent mechanical advantage for controlling anterior-posterior tibial translation. Clinical Relevance: Isolated hamstrings activity generally had little or no effect on anterior cruciate ligament forces but significantly increased forces in the posterior cruciate ligament beyond approximately 30° of flexion.

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Combined knee loading states that generate high anterior cruciate ligament forces
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“Details of load cell installation and bench testing can be found in our prior publications.(10,11,14,15) A modification to this test apparatus was made that allowed application of muscle loads as the knee was passively extended under the above tibial loading conditions.”
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Authors: Markolf, K. L., O'Neill, G., Jackson, S. R., & McAllister, D. R.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Markolf, Keith L.
McAllister, David R.
Venue: The American Journal of Sports Medicine
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2004-07
Volume: 32
Issue: 5
Pages: 1144-1149
ISSN: 0363-5465 (ISSN-L)
1552-3365
DOI: 10.1177/0363546503262198
OpenAlex: W2118040773
Cited by: 229
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 3.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The American Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, knee flexion angle, tibial translation, ligament healing
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cadaver, Female, Humans, Knee Joint, Male, Middle Aged, Tendons, Range of Motion, Articular, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, Weight-Bearing, Muscle, Skeletal, Torque

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Effects of Applied Quadriceps and Hamstrings Muscle Loads on Forces in the Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments

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