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Cited by 229Knee injuries and reconstruction techniquesLower Extremity Biomechanics and PathologiesTendon Structure and Treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Effects of Applied Quadriceps and Hamstrings Muscle Loads on Forces in the Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments

Markolf, Keith L., O'Neill, Geoffery, Jackson, Steven R., McAllister, David R.·2004·The American Journal of Sports Medicine
DOI 10.1177/0363546503262198
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Abstract

Background: Muscle contraction can subject healing knee ligament grafts to high loads. Purpose: To directly measure the effects of quadriceps and hamstrings muscle loads on forces in the anterior cruciate ligaments and posterior cruciate ligaments. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Thirteen cadaveric knee specimens had load cells installed to record resultant forces in both anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments under 5 loading conditions. Cruciate force measurements were repeated with a 100-N load applied to the quadriceps tendon and again with a combined 50-N biceps load and 50-N semimembranosus-semitendinosus load. Results: Applied quadriceps loads resulted in mean changes in anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament forces that were less than 20 N for all loading conditions. Hamstrings load significantly increased mean posterior cruciate ligament force between 30° and 105° of flexion with 100 N of applied posterior tibial force. Conclusions: At the muscle force levels used in this study, the hamstrings were more effective than the quadriceps in altering cruciate force levels, especially near 90° of flexion, where they have an excellent mechanical advantage for controlling anterior-posterior tibial translation. Clinical Relevance: Isolated hamstrings activity generally had little or no effect on anterior cruciate ligament forces but significantly increased forces in the posterior cruciate ligament beyond approximately 30° of flexion.

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Crossref · 10.1177/0363546503262198

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Metadata

Authors
Markolf, K. L., O'Neill, G., Jackson, S. R., & McAllister, D. R.
Affiliations
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID
Venue
The American Journal of Sports Medicine
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2004-07
Volume
32
Issue
5
Pages
1144-1149
ISSN
  • 0363-5465 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-3365
DOI
10.1177/0363546503262198
OpenAlex
W2118040773
Cited by
229
References
16
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
FWCI
3.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • The American Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
Keywords
anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, knee flexion angle, tibial translation, ligament healing
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cadaver, Female, Humans, Knee Joint, Male, Middle Aged, Tendons, Range of Motion, Articular, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, Weight-Bearing, Muscle, Skeletal, Torque

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