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Global Patterns of Adolescent Fruit, Vegetable, Carbonated Soft Drink, and Fast-Food Consumption: A Meta-Analysis of Global School-Based Student Health Surveys
Open accessAbstract
Background: Adolescence presents an opportunity to influence diet, which impacts present and future health outcomes, yet adolescent diets globally are poorly understood. Objective: We generate evidence on adolescent diets globally and explore patterns and trends by subpopulation. Methods: We estimated mean frequency of consumption and prevalence of less-than-daily fruit and vegetable consumption, at-least-daily carbonated beverage consumption, and at-least-weekly fast-food consumption among school-going adolescents aged primarily 12 to 17 years from the Global School-based Student Health Surveys in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America between 2008 and 2015. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool estimates globally and by subgroup. Results: On average, adolescents consumed fruit 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–1.60) times per day, vegetables 1.75 (1.58–1.92) times per day, carbonated soft drinks 0.99 (0.77–1.22) times per day, and fast food 1.05 (0.78–1.32) times per week. Overall, 34.5% (95% CI 29.4–39.7) consumed fruit less than once per day, 20.6% (15.8–25.9) consumed vegetables less than once per day, 42.8% (35.2–50.7) drank carbonated soft drinks at least once per day, and 46.1% (38.6–53.7) consumed fast food at least once per week. Mean daily frequency of fruit consumption was particularly low in South and East Asia (1.30 [1.02–1.58]); carbonated soft drink consumption high in Latin America (1.54 [1.31–1.78]), high-income countries (1.66 [1.29–2.03]), and modern food system typologies (1.44 [0.75–2.12]); and mean weekly fast food consumption high in mixed food system typologies (1.29 [0.88–1.71]). Conclusions: School-going adolescents infrequently consume fruits and vegetables and frequently consume carbonated soft drinks, but there is wide variability by subpopulation.
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“A meta-analysis examining the Global School-based Student Health Surveys from 2008 to 2015 including Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America revealed that 35% of adolescents do not meet the recommended intake of FV, 43% consume sugary sweetened beverages (SSBs) daily, and 46% eat processed foods at least weekly [12].”
From School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis examining the Global School-based Student Health Surveys from 2008 to 2015 including Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America revealed that 35% of adolescents do not meet the recommended intake of FV, 43% consume sugary sweetened beverages (SSBs) daily, and 46% eat processed foods at least weekly [12].”
From School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Adolescents in both low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs) frequently have diets that are calorie-dense yet nutrient-deficient, marked by excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), ultra-processed foods, and insufficient intake of FV [11–13].”
From School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis examining the Global School-based Student Health Surveys from 2008 to 2015 including Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America revealed that 35% of adolescents do not meet the recommended intake of FV, 43% consume sugary sweetened beverages (SSBs) daily, and 46% eat processed foods at least weekly [12].”
From School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
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“[40,41] A consistent and sustained intervention allows youth to be exposed to various nutrition and physical activity options.”
Tan, L. K., Chong, G. Y., Cheng, S. H., Ghazali, S. M., & Kee, C. C. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18111833
“…conducted between 2008 and 2015 found that about 34.5% of adolescents consumed fruit less than once per day and 20.6% consumed vegetables less than once per day; moreover, 42.8% drank carbonated soft drinks at least once per day and 46.1% reported fast-food consumption at least once per week [10].”
InfluentialYearley, S., Miller, V., Cudhea, F., Shi, P., Sharib, J. R., Lara-Castor, L., Essel, K., Micha, R., Zhang, J., & Mozaffarian, D. (2026) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2025-021543
Healthy Eating and Food Hygiene Among Adolescents in Central Kazakhstan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Қуандық, Ұ. Е., Omarova, A. O., & Delellis, N. O. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23080997
Deng, Y., Liu, T., Wen, Z., & Zhang, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1900491
Using digital food photography to assess the dietary diversity of Indian adolescents – A pilot study
Abraham, M., Rathi, N., Pant, D., Tripathi, A., Singh, M., Verma, A. K., & Worsley, A. F. (2026) · JAND Global Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jaglob.2026.100032
Metadata
- Authors
- Beal, T., Morris, S. S., & Tumilowicz, A.
- Affiliations
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Beal, Ty
- Venue
- Food and Nutrition Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-10-16
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 444-459
- ISSN
- 0379-5721 (ISSN-L)
- 1564-8265
- OpenAlex
- W2981224137
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Food and Nutrition Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- adolescent diet, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, soft drinks, fast food consumption, dietary habits, subpopulation differences, South and East Asia, Latin America, high-income countries, low-income countries, food intake frequency, adolescent nutrition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Carbonated Beverages, Child, Diet, Female, Fruit, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Students, Vegetables, Global Health, Fast Foods
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