Fright (Effroi) and other Peritraumatic Responses after a Serious Motor Vehicle Accident: Prospective Influence on Acute PTSD Development
Abstract
Objective: We prospectively examined the relation between various peritraumatic responses (that is, fear, helplessness, horror, amnesia, and fright) and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 2 months after a trauma. Method: Participants included 123 motor vehicle accident (MVA) victims consecutively hospitalized in a traumatology department for over 72 hours during a 16-month period. Between day 2 and day 5 of their hospitalization, a psychiatrist assessed the patients' peritraumatic responses and acute stress disorder (ASD). Two months after the accident, an experienced psychiatrist contacted the patients by telephone, and the PTSD symptoms and the diagnosis were assessed with a modified version of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Results: Of the participants, 48 reported an immediate fright reaction when faced with the prospect of their own death. Participants who reported a fright experience had a 17 times greater risk of subsequently meeting the diagnostic criteria for PTSD (odds ratio 16.75). A fright reaction predicted PTSD development with a specificity of 0.93 and a sensitivity of 0.60. Conclusion: The immediate reactions described in criterion A2 of the DSM-IV (that is, fear, helplessness, and horror) did not seem to be equally relevant. An initial feeling of fright seems to be an essential qualitative factor in the clinical description of psychological trauma.
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All defense responses in the animal model of the defense cascade-arousal, freezing, flight or fight, tonic immobility, collapsed immobility, and quiescent immobility-are responses to threat mediated by neural circuits involving the extended amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, ventral pontine tegmentum, ventral and dorsal medulla, and spinal cord.
“All defense responses in the animal model of the defense cascade—arousal, freezing, flight or fight, tonic immobility, collapsed immobility, and quiescent immobility—are responses to threat mediated by neural circuits involving the extended amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray (PAG), ventral pontine tegmentum, ventral and dorsal medulla, and spinal cord.22–25”
From Fear and the Defense Cascade (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
The VLPAG receives signals from deep somatic (muscle, joint) or visceral tissues via the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, from the parabrachial nucleus, and from the vagal sensory nucleus (the solitary track nucleus).
“The VLPAG receives signals from deep somatic (muscle, joint) or visceral tissues via the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, from the parabrachial nucleus,25,94,95 and from the vagal sensory nucleus (the solitary track nucleus).28,96”
From Fear and the Defense Cascade (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
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- Authors
- Vaiva, G., Brunet, A., Lebigot, F., Boss, V., Ducrocq, F., Devos, P., Laffargue, P., & Goudemand, M.
- Affiliations
- Psychiatrist, University of Lille II and INSERM U513, France
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
- Hôpital d'instruction des Armées Percy (FR)
- Université de Lille (FR)
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 395-401
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W2137021780
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, motor vehicle accidents, fear, helplessness, horror, amnesia, acute stress disorder, trauma diagnosis, PTSD risk prediction
- MeSH terms
- Accidents, Traffic, Acute Disease, Adult, Amnesia, Automobile Driving, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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