Sense of belonging and suicide: a systematic review
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Objective: To systematically review the research on the association between sense of belonging and suicide. Method: We systematically reviewed electronic databases for studies that included assessments of suicidality and belonging. Results: We found 16 studies that met our eligibility criteria. They all found an association between belonging and suicidality but nearly all of the studies were in nonclinical populations, and the association was weak and could be taken into account by confounding factors. Conclusions: Low sense of belonging has a weak association with suicidality. However, current concepts make it hard to distinguish from loneliness or other measures of social support. An alternative view of belongingness, as a sense of connectedness to things other than people and in the past as well as the present, may generate alternative ideas about useful clinical interventions that may be especially relevant to indigenous populations.
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A low sense of belonging is associated with a higher risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.
“One review found that a low sense of belonging was associated with a higher risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as [52]
The overview found an association (+) between social isolation and suicide, supported by one review or multiple lower quality reviews.
“| Suicide (Fassberg et al 2012, Hatcher et al 2013, Mezuk et al 2014, Mollinson et al 2014, Pompili 2012) | + | + | + |”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as Hatcher et al 2013
The overview found an association (+) between loneliness and suicide, supported by one review or multiple lower quality reviews.
“| Suicide (Fassberg et al 2012, Hatcher et al 2013, Mezuk et al 2014, Mollinson et al 2014, Pompili 2012) | + | + | + |”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as Hatcher et al 2013
The overview found an association (+) between social networks and relationships and suicide, supported by one review or multiple lower quality reviews.
“| Suicide (Fassberg et al 2012, Hatcher et al 2013, Mezuk et al 2014, Mollinson et al 2014, Pompili 2012) | + | + | + |”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as Hatcher et al 2013
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7. Some Adverse Effects of Historical Trauma on Indigenous Communities
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.07
The Economics of Cultural Loss
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477
5. Indigenous Historical Trauma in the North American Context
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.05
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.10
Trosper, R. L. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.00
8. The Consequences for Indigenous Deaths of Despair
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.08
6. An Economic Model to Capture Effects of Historical Trauma
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.06
3. Incorporating Cultural Belongingness
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.03
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.09
4. The Failure of the Dawes’ Act in America and Canadian Attempts to Privatize Indigenous Reserves
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.04
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.01
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.12
2. A Simple Economic Model of an Indigenous Community
Eswaran, M. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0477.02
Reliability and Validity Test of the Chinese Version of the Community Integration Scale
Xie, L., Yang, R., Peng, W., Yang, K., & Jiang, J. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251389699
Efeitos do estresse gerado pelo isolamento social e pela discriminação na saúde mental
Ferigato, E. (2026) · Vértices · doi:10.19180/1809-2667.v28n22026.23544
- Authors
- Hatcher, S., & Stubbersfield, O.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Hatcher, Simon
- ORCID
- Hatcher, Simon
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 432-436
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W142878787
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- sense of belonging, suicidality, suicide risk, loneliness, social support, connectedness, indigenous peoples, clinical intervention
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Loneliness, Social Support, Suicide
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