Prevalence and Psychological Impact of Chinese Elder Abuse
Abstract
This study examined the prevalence of elder abuse of Chinese in Hong Kong and also assessed its impact on their psychological functioning. A total of 355 (120 males, 235 females) elderly Chinese residing in Hong Kong responded to a questionnaire administered individually. Results indicated prevalence rates of 2% for physical abuse and 20.8% for verbal abuse. These rates were higher than those reported by a telephone survey of similar respondents. Rates did not differ significantly for men and women. Data from the General Health Questionnaire showed that abused elders, as compared with nonabused elders, scored significantly higher on overall psychological distress. Abused participants were also significantly more dependent on their caregivers than nonabused participants. This difference did not, however, predict the level of psychological distress after accounting for physical abuse and verbal abuse.
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The Chinese version of the CTS2 scale was translated and validated in a previous study [65].
“The Chinese version of the CTS2 scale was translated and validated in a previous study [65].”
From Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Caregivers of Frail Older Chinese Adults: A Study Protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
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“This is in line with prior reports from Asia that adult sons- and daughters-in-law are the primary perpetrators of elder abuse [8,25], compared to the spouse/partner in Western countries [12,13].”
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“Another study of 355 Chinese elders in Hong Kong found an overall abuse prevalence of 21.4%, and the authors attributed this relatively high rate of elder abuse to a high rate of verbal abuse (Yan and Tang, 2001).”
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“…widespread nature of elder abuse across countries (Bennett & Kingston, 1993; Comijs, Pot, Smit, Bouter, & Jonker, 1998; Kosberg & Garcia, 1995; Ogg & Mumm-Giddings, 1993; Pillemer & Finkelhor, 1988; Pitsiou-Darrough & Spinellis, 1995; Pittaway & Westhues, 1993; Podnieks, 1990; Yan & Tang, 2001).”
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“More recent studies have shown higher prevalence rates of elder abuse, especially of psychological abuse, which increased from 20% to more than 30%, while physical abuse was continuously reported by approximately 2% or less ( Yan & Tang, 2001 ; Zink, Fisher, Pabst, & Regan, 2005 ).”
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“Research has shown that the likely victims of abuse are women, particularly isolated with some form of physical or mental incapacity (Marmolejo, 2008; Tareque, Islam, & Rahman, 2008; Yan & Tang, 2001).”
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“Based on the results of another study, emotional and financial abuse led to more depression or anxiety [26], while in the present study, emotional abuse reduced the satisfaction component of QoL.”
ResultStudy on elder abuse and neglect among patients in a medical college hospital, Bangalore, India
Nisha, C., Manjaly, S. P., Kiran, P. R., Mathew, B., & Kasturi, A. (2015) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1080/08946566.2015.1113599 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“%) of elder abuse in this study is higher than that reported in the Chennai study by Srinivasan and Alex (2005), but lower than that in the Hong Kong study (Yan & So-Kum Tang, 2001).”
ResultA Systematic Review of Financial Exploitation Measures in Prevalence Studies
Jackson, S. L. (2016) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464816650801 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Dong, X., Chang, E., Wong, E., Wong, B., & Simon, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2014.864740 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Prior studies in China suggest that mistreatment of Chinese older persons is common (Dong, Simon, & Gorbien, 2007; Yan & Tang, 2001).”
BackgroundDownregulation of Angiopoietin-1 and Tie2 in Chronic Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension
Yamamoto, A., Takahashi, H., Kojima, Y., Tsuda, Y., Morio, Y., Muramatsu, M., & Fukuchi, Y. (2007) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000112432 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ng, K. C. H., Lee, T. M., & Chi, I. (2004) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/j.1741-6612.2004.00044.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Elkhawaga, G. O., Eladawi, N., & Abdel-Wahab, F. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518767900 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Perceptions of elder abuse and neglect by older Chinese immigrants in Canada
Zhang, W. (2019) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1080/08946566.2019.1652718 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Even so, EAN occurs in Chinese societies and is common in the global Chinese populations (Chang & Dong, 2014; Dong, 2015; Dong, Chen, Fulmer, & Simon, 2014; Lai, 2011; Lai et al., 2014; Tam & Neysmith, 2006; Yan, 2015; Yan, So-Kum, & Yeung, 2002; Yan & Tang, 2001).”
Elder Abuse: Risk Factors of Abuse in Elderly Community-Dwelling Iranians
Alizadeh-Khoei, M., Sharifi, F., Hossain, S. Z., Fakhrzadeh, H., & Salimi, Z. (2013) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2013.857995 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“And older Chinese women were also reported to be at higher risk of elder mistreatment in comparison to men (Cham & Seow, 2000; Yan & Tang, 2001).”
ResultPrevalence and correlates of elder mistreatment in Singapore
Chokkanathan, S. (2018) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1080/08946566.2018.1471433 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“For instance, the prevalence rate of 8.3% reported in this study is lower than those reported in Hong Kong (21.4% and 27.5%, Yan & Tang, 2001; and, 2004; respectively), Malaysia (9.6%, Sooryanarayana, ** p < .005 Control variables: Age, gender, education, ethnicity, residence, family size, living…”
ResultInfluentialEconomic Well-Being and Elder Abuse in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh
Tareque, M. I., Islam, T. M., Atsushi, K., & Kawahara, K. (2014) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027514527833 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Jervis, L. L., Hamby, S. L., Beach, S. R., Williams, M. L., Maholmes, V., & Castille, D. M. (2016) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1080/08946566.2016.1245644 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Stressors social support and elder mistreatment
Chokkanathan, S. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1081151 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The prevalence of elder abuse in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area
dos Santos, C. M., Marchi, R. J. D., Martins, A. B., Hugo, F. N., Padilha, D. M. P., & Hilgert, J. B. (2013) · Brazilian Oral Research · doi:10.1590/s1806-83242013005000011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pak, M. (2020) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2020.1740377 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…stress, depression, anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbances, and less life satisfaction among older adults (Chokkanathan & Lee, 2006; Dong et al., 2013; Keller et al., 2019; Leung et al., 2017; Nisha et al., 2016; Pico-Alfonso et al., 2006; Yan & Tang, 2001).”
BackgroundFang, B., & Yan, E. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517742150 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In fact, available studies found that elder abuse is common in older Chinese community-dwellers (20.0%-40.0% Dong, Beck, & Simon, 2010; Wu et al., 2012; Yan & Tang, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialAttitudes toward Rape Victims - an Empirical Study of the Attitudes of Danish Website Visitors
Elklit, A. (2002) · Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention · doi:10.1080/140438502762467218 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Singapore, although with a strong western-orientation, also honours parts of the old Chinese value system (Yan & Tang 2001).”
BackgroundZhang, D. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.070 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Elder Mistreatment Among Chinese American Families: Do Acculturation and Traditionalism Matter?
Gao, X., Sun, F., & Hodge, D. R. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw154 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Specifically, a study of Hong Kong residents indicated that those with stronger traditional beliefs (i.e., traditionalism) reported a higher proclivity to perpetrate EM (Yan & Tang, 2001).”
BackgroundElder Abuse in a Cross-Cultural Context: Assessment, Policy and PracticePreprint
Gupta, R., & Chaudhuri, A. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Leung, D. Y. P., Lo, S. K. L., Leung, A. Y. M., LOU, V. W. Q., Chong, A. M. L., Kwan, J. S. K., Chan, W. C. H., & Chi, I. (2015) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.12655 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Global Prevalence of Elder Abuse in the Community
Williams, J. L., Davis, M. T., & Acierno, R. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47504-2_3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dong, X., Chang, E., Wong, E., & Simon, M. A. (2014) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/jap-12-2013-0046 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Previous studies also point out that Chinese older adults define and perceive abuse differently from other groups of older adults (Dong et al., 2014a, b, c; Yan and Tang, 2001).”
ResultDong, X., & Simon, M. A. (2008) · International journal of gerontology · doi:10.1016/s1873-9598(09)70009-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Elder abuse and its prevention : workshop summary
Taylor, R. M. (2014) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dong, X. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“CN was measured by a 20-item unmet needs assessment (7,18,23).”
MethodResultElder abuse and neglect in Bangladesh: understanding issues, associated factors and consequences
Farid, S. (2017) · Family Medicine & Primary Care Review · doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2017.67865 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Studies suggest that the mistreatment of the elderly has fatal, costly and devastating consequences [23], which mostly manifest in psychosocial distress [24], significant adverse health outcomes [25] and a higher mortality rate [26].”
BackgroundElder Abuse Telephone Screen Reliability and Validity
Buri, H., Daly, J. M., & Jogerst, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1080/08946560802571912 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Li, Y., Chen, H., Peng, X., & Wang, H. (2021) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610221000739 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Whose Suffering is This? Narratives of Adult Children and Parents in Long-Term Abusive Relationships
Band‐Winterstein, T. (2015) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9660-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Elder Abuse and Neglect in Asia
Yan, E., & Fang, G. B. Y. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47504-2_22 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Qin, N., & Yan, E. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517698825 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Chow, C., & Tiwari, A. (2014) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/jap-03-2014-0007 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chen, R., & Dong, X. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47504-2_5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Older adults' emotional reactions to elder abuse: Individual and victimisation determinants
Santos, A. J., Nunes, B., Kislaya, I., Gil, A. P., & Ribeiro, Ó. M. (2018) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12673 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Contextualizing Elder Abuse and Neglect in Institutional and Home Settings: Case Studies from India
Jahangir, S., Nikhil, P., Bailey, A., & Datta, A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6116-5_11 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In the Asian cultural context, the issue of elder abuse is perceived as a private family matter (Dong et al. 2007; Yan and Tang 2001).”
Alraddadi, K. (2021) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.11.020 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neglect, abuse and violence against older women: Definitions and research frameworks
Brownell, P. (2023) · South Eastern European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.56801/seejph.vi.20 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lay Persons' Emotional Reactions Toward an Abused Elderly Person
Werner, P., Eisikovits, Z. C., & Buchbinder, E. (2005) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1300/j084v17n02_04 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“While physical violence is known to be somewhat lower (0.5-2%), psychological and verbal abuse may range between 1.4 to 20.8% (Kurrle, Sadler, & Cameron, 1992; Kurrle, Sadler, Lockwood, & Cameroon, 1997; Comijs, Margriet, Smit, Bouter, & Jonker, 1998; Yan & Tang, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialFarhat, S. M. M., Berbiche, D., & Vasiliadis, H. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520938513 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The prevalence of family violence in this study reached 16.2% which is similar to estimates found elsewhere ranging between 12.7% and 26.9% (Chokkanathan & Lee, 2005; Fraga et al., 2014; Lindert et al., 2013; Yan & Tang, 2001; Yon et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStudent nurses’ perception and understanding of elder abuse
Lo, S. K. L., Lai, C. K. Y., & Tsui, C. M. (2009) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1748-3743.2009.00196.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Readability and Content of Elder Abuse Instruments
Daly, J. M., & Jogerst, G. J. (2005) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1300/j084v17n04_03 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…and other countries (Comijs, Pot, Smit, Bouter, & Jonker, 1998; Gioglio & Blakemore, 1982; Homer & Gilleard, 1990; Kivela, Kongas-Saviaro, Kesti et al., 1992; Ockleford, Barnes-Holmes, Morichelli et al., 2003; Ogg & Bennett, 1992; Pillemer & Finkelhor, 1988; Podnieks, 1992; Yan & Tang, 2001).”
Prevalence of Elder Abuse and Neglect: Findings from First Macedonian Study
Peshevska, D. J., Markovik, M., Sethi, D. D., Серафимовска, Е., & Jordanova, T. (2014) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2014.061 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of the fear of crime in older Chinese
Qin, N., & Yan, E. (2014) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/jap-12-2013-0048 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“To preserve family honor by protecting an abusing family member from external sanction and themselves from revenge (Yan and Tang, 2001), some participants in this study, as in other studies, might have refused to admit victimization experience of domestic violence or their fear of falling a victim of domestic violence.”
ResultCaregiver Abuse of Chicago Chinese Older Adults in a Community-Dwelling Population
Dong, X. Q. (2015) · Journal of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology · doi:10.23937/2469-5858/1510004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“[14] suggested that the majority of elder abuse cases (75%) were committed by older adults’ adult children.”
Xu, X., Li, Z., Xu, T., & He, M. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520944564 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This key gender-neutral pattern is not only congruent with prior research conducted among older adults in postreform China (Dong et al., 2008; Yan & Tang, 2001) but also consistent with the research findings from the West (Coker et al., 2002; Pico-Alfonso et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultThe social construction of social problems: the case of elder abuse and neglect
Eisikovits, Z. C., Koren, C., & Band‐Winterstein, T. (2013) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610213000495 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Izloženost starijih osoba nasilju u obitelji
Ajduković, M., Rusac, S., & Ogresta, J. (2008) · Revija za socijalnu politiku · doi:10.3935/rsp.v15i1.723 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Caregivers of Frail Older Chinese Adults: A Study Protocol
Lo, H. H. M., Au, A., Cho, W. V., Lau, E. N. S., Wong, J. Y. H., Wong, S. Y. S., & Yeung, J. W. K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095447 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The Chinese version of the CTS2 scale was translated and validated in a previous study [65].”
MethodAmornkitvikai, Y., Prachuabmoh, V., & O'Brien, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1080/08946566.2023.2236786 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The chronicity and severity of abuse among older persons by country: a European study
Soares, J. J. F., Fraga, S. J. D. S., Viitasara, E., Stankūnas, M., Sundin, Ö., Melchiorre, M. G., Macassa, G., & Barros, H. (2013) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.1108/jacpr-06-2013-0015 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“, 2012[13]) no independent relation with sex or no differences/evenness between the sexes (Acierno et al., 2010; Amstadter et al., 2011; Lachs et al., 1997; Macassa et al., 2013; Olofsson et al., 2012; Pillemer and Finkelhor, 1988; Wu et al., 2012; Yan and Tang, 2001).”
BackgroundThe impact of psychological abuse on somatic symptoms: a study of older persons aged 60-84 years
Soares, J. J. F., Viitasara, E., Macassa, G., Melchiorre, M. G., Stankūnas, M., Lindert, J., Barros, H., Ioannidi‐Kapolou, E., & Torres‐González, F. (2014) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/jap-08-2013-0034 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“To our knowledge, few studies have addressed the linkage between psychological abuse and health among older persons, suggesting that it co-exists with previous trauma, depression, PTSD or distress (Acierno et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2005; Podnieks, 1992; Wolf, 1997; Wu et al., 2012; Yan and Tang, 2001).”
BackgroundResultThe domestic elder abuse in China: Scale development and psychometric properties
Yang, Y., Huang, J., Wang, M., Wang, F., Luo, H., Fan, B., Huang, Y., Xu, W., Zheng, C., & Zhang, M. (2024) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.12.013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
In‐law psychological aggression and its impacts on women′s health
Choi, A. W. (2021) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22015 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- YAN, E., & TANG, C. S.-K.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Venue
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1158-1174
- ISSN
- 0886-2605 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6518
- OpenAlex
- W2144912158
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Elder Abuse and Neglect
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Keywords
- elder abuse, Chinese older adults, Hong Kong, prevalence, physical abuse, verbal abuse, psychological distress, caregiver dependence, psychological functioning
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