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Bioindicators in the MIDUS National Study: Protocol, Measures, Sample, and Comparative Context
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) is a national study of health and aging among individuals aged 25 to 74 at baseline (1995-1996). Longitudinal survey assessments (2004-2005), were followed by biological assessments on a subsample (aged 35-85).To facilitate public use, we describe the protocol, measures, and sample. Method: Respondents traveled to clinics for a 2-day data-collection protocol that included fasting blood specimens, 12-hr urine specimen, medical history, physical exam, bone densitometry, and a laboratory challenge (heart rate variability, blood pressure, respiration, salivary cortisol). Results: Response rates for the biological protocol ( N = 1,255) were 39.3% or 43.1% (adjusting for those who could not be located or contacted). Reasons for nonparticipation were travel, family obligations, and being too busy. Respondents were comparable to the recruitment pool on most demographic characteristics and health assessments. Discussion: Strengths of the protocol vis-à-vis similar studies include opportunities to link biological factors with diverse content from other MIDUS projects.
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“In contrast, in a U.S. sample of African-Americans (39), the depression facet of neuroticism was associated with higher CRP in participants with lower education, but lower CRP in those with greater education.”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
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“While the opposite pattern of interaction was observed in a Scottish cohort (38), a similar pattern involving a measure of trait depression emerged in a sample of African-Americans (39).”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
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“Full details about protocol and procedures have been previously detailed (Dienberg Love et al., 2010).”
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“Second, although our work replicates well-established effects of age and sex on mortality (5), our sample was primarily White, highly educated, and more affluent than the general US population (73), which limits the generalization of our findings to more ethnically and economically diverse populations.”
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For living well, behaviors and circumstances matter just as much as psychological traits
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“National survey respondents who were living at the time of the biomarker study and “existing health information indicated an ability to travel to the clinic without excessive risk to the respondent or project staff” were eligible to participate in the biomarker data collection (71).”
BackgroundExamining Differentiation of Self as a Mediator in the Biobehavioral Family Model
Priest, J. B. (2017) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12301 · Cited by 10
“A complete description of the clinic visit protocol can be found in Love et al. (2010).”
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Multiple forms of discrimination and inflammation in Black Americans: Are there differences by sex?
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“…gene expression data did not differ systematically on study variables from other participants in the biomarker Refresher cohort, other studies have found that the MIDUS biomarker subsample differs from the larger MIDUS cohort and is not fully representative of the U.S. (Dienberg Love et al. 2010).”
ResultOng, A. D., Mann, F. D., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101096 · Cited by 12
“Data were drawn from two MIDUS biomarker cohorts: MIDUS-II (2004 – 2005) and the MIDUS Refresher (2011 – 2014), which include identical assessments of psychosocial, demographic, and biological characteristics (Love et al., 2010).”
Somatic Awareness and Tender Points in a Community Sample
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“During their stay, participants underwent a physical exam that included the collection of a fasting blood sample before breakfast on the second day of the participant ’ s hospital stay [56].”
BackgroundThe Overlap of Dietary Supplement and Pharmaceutical Use in the MIDUS National Study
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“Only a subset of individuals (n = 4,006) who completed both the telephone survey and the self-administered questionnaire at MIDUS 2 were included in the current analysis; this subsample is not significantly different from the larger sample from which it is drawn [21].”
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“This sample differed from the main MIDUS sample on their level of education – the biomarker sample was slightly better educated (Dienberg Love et al., 2010).”
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“Data were derived from the longitudinal follow-up of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) national survey of health and well-being, MIDUS-II (Ryff et al., 2013; for additional information on MIDUS-II, see Love et al., 2010).”
Guevara, J. E., & Murdock, K. W. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.005 · Cited by 9
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“The Biomarker Project entailed a 2-day clinic visit including a laboratory-based psychophysiology protocol, biomarker data collection, medical history interview, and additional psychosocial questionnaires (n = 1,255; Dienberg Love et al., 2010; see Document S1 in the online supplemental materials for more details).”
MethodAssociations between blood antioxidant levels and femoral neck strength
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Synergistic Effect of Neuroticism and Body Mass Index on Glucose Metabolism in Nondiabetic Adults
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“Details on the study protocols for all MIDUS studies have been previously described (Brim et al., 2004; Dienberg Love et al., 2010; Radler, 2014).”
InfluentialAw, T. B. H., & Zainal, N. H. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101122 · Cited by 7
“All participants completed both waves of the MIDUS II Biomarker Study (Love et al., 2010; Ryff et al., 2019).”
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“The primary reasons for not participating in this biological assessment were (1) participants did not wish to travel to the clinic, (2) had family obligations, (3) were too busy, or (4) were not interested (Dienberg Love et al., 2010).”
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“Approximately 75% of surviving respond-ents participated in MIDUS II ( n = 5895), the second wave of the MIDUS study, 9–10 years later in 2004 [33].”
InfluentialSleep, emotional supportiveness, and socially straining behavior: A multidimensional approach
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“The Biomarker Project included a subset of MIDUS II participants (N = 1255; n = 1054 from MIDUS I and n = 201 participants recruited to increase racial diversity).(30) One Biomarker project site collected sleep (actigraphy and sleep diary) data.”
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“Though Love et al. (2010) found that the MIDUS Biomarker Project sample had similar demographic and socioeconomic characteristics to the main MIDUS survey sample, and though our sample was diverse in terms of socioeconomic status and health, those who are able to volunteer to travel to one of 3…”
BackgroundAdult bone strength of children from single-parent families: the Midlife in the United States Study
Crandall, C. J., Karlamangla, A. S., Merkin, S. S., Binkley, N., Carr, D., Greendale, G. A., & Seeman, T. E. (2014) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2990-0 · Cited by 7
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“8% of responders reported that they smoke cigarettes (43).”
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“In addition, loneliness has predicted elevated IL-6 levels among Americans; however, this relationship was not observed in the Japanese sample in the MIDUS study (15).”
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“The MIDUS Bio-marker Project protocol has been previously described in further detail (52,53).”
BackgroundMethodEngagement with nature and proinflammatory biology
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“Fasting blood samples were collected in the morning by trained staff following standardized protocols (Love et al., 2010).”
MethodSocial representations of ageing shared by different age groups
Nascimento-Schulze, C. M. (2011) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 6
Crump, A. A., Bather, J. R., Villalonga-Olives, E., Kranz, E. O., & Cuevas, A. G. (2025) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103532 · Cited by 5
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“30 We conducted cross-sectional analysis combining questionnaire data for each cohort that were collected in the survey and biomarker projects.”
MethodAsthma and its relationship with anthropometric markers among adults
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“The procedures used for recruitment and evaluation in the MIDUS refresher are provided elsewhere [19].”
MethodRelationship Between Heart Disease and Obesity Indicators Among Adults: A Secondary Data Analysis
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“More resources detail the recruitment and evaluation processes for the MIDUS refresher [14].”
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“Participants from the MIDUS 1 study were followed up for the MIDUS 2 study in 2004–2005; a subset of participants later completed the Biomarker Project, in which they visited one of the research facilities for a physical exam with an overnight stay in 2004–2009 (Love et al. 2010).”
Sleep disturbance recorded via wearable sensors predicts depression severity 9 years later
Zainal, N. H., & Hitchcock, P. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120426 · Cited by 3
“Participants ( N = 1054) took part in the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) Biomarker project (Love et al., 2010) as well as the MIDUS survey studies at baseline (Wave 1; W1; 2004 to 2006; Ryff et al., 2021) and follow-up (Wave 2; W2; 2013 to 2014; Ryff et al., 2019).”
Social Structural Differences in Qualitative Perspectives on Well-Being
Boylan, J. M., Adams, M., & Boehm, J. K. (2024) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-024-10344-7 · Cited by 3
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“MIDUS I (1995 – 1996) recruited 7108 non-institutionalized, English-speaking adults aged 25 – 74 from the 48 contiguous US through a national random-digit-dial sampling method (Brim et al., 2004; Love et al., 2010).”
Rodrigues, M., Bather, J. R., & Cuevas, A. G. (2025) · Epigenomics · doi:10.1080/17501911.2025.2568301 · Cited by 3
Cigarette smoking duration mediates the association between future thinking and norepinephrine level
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Age differences in allostatic load among veterans: The importance of combat exposure
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“All sampleswere collected andprocessed according to standardized instructions (for details, see Love et al., 2010).”
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“Additional information of the protocol description, measures, and sample characteristics can be found in a prior article (11).”
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Masters, K. S., Wilson, C. L., & Boylan, J. M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319002 · Cited by 4
“All biomarkers were assayed using standard protocols [36] and full descriptions of these procedures are publicly available [49,50].”
Gloger, E., Hong, J. H., Mogle, J. A., Almeida, D. M., & Greaney, J. L. (2025) · Journal of applied physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00886.2024 · Cited by 3
“Urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine concentration were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), as previously described (39).”
Zainal, N. H., & Doren, N. V. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103052 · Cited by 3
“The seven-day sleep actigraphy measures were also administered at W1 (Love et al., 2010).”
Persin, M. J., Payen, A., Bateman, J. R., Alessi, M. G., Price, B. C., & Bennett, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-02121-x · Cited by 4
“For more details about the MIDUS data collection methods, study designs, and participant attrition rates, please see the information reported elsewhere [43, 44].”
Neighborhood opportunity and cellular senescence in a national sample of U.S. adults
Rodrigues, M., Bather, J. R., Crump, A. A., Kranz, E. O., Cole, S. W., & Cuevas, A. G. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119196 · Cited by 4
Coe, C. L., Tsenkova, V. K., Love, G. D., Kawakami, N., Karasawa, M., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Ryff, C. D. (2020) · Archives of Epidemiology · doi:10.29011/2577-2252.100042 · Cited by 2
Self-citationSleep quality moderates the association between family bereavement and heart rate variability
Chai, H. W., Jester, D. J., Lee, S., Joo, S., Umberson, D., & Almeida, D. M. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00388-1 · Cited by 3
“Further details regarding the study protocol and the variables measured are available elsewhere (Dienberg Love et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBerkowitz, L., Echeverría, G., Salazar, C., Faúndez, C., Coe, C. L., Ryff, C. D., & Rigotti, A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16233995 · Cited by 2
“All biochemical measurements were derived from a fasting blood sample, as described elsewhere [17], and analyzed by CLIA-certified clinical laboratories.”
Self-citationThe inflammation-depression link: How social networks buffer or exacerbate risk
Zainal, N. H. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101052 · Cited by 2
Relational and individual stress pathways linking discrimination and ageing cardiometabolic health
Woods, S., Strenth, C. R., Day, P. G., Tsewang, T. D., Aparicio, K., Ross, K., Ventimiglia, J., & Jetpuri, Z. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3166 · Cited by 2
“Triglycerides, HDL, and LDL (tissue markers of cardiovascular metabolic functioning, each mg/dL) were measured using a fasting blood draw completed during a 2‐day clinic visit to one of the three participating project sites (Dienberg Love et al., 2010).”
MethodUnder Treatment of Depression Among Midlife and Older Adults in the United States
Gathuru, I. M., Abraham, O., & Thorpe, J. M. (2015) · Cited by 2
Effects of the Great Recession on Educational Disparities in Cardiometabolic Health
Jiang, Y., Boylan, J. M., & Zilioli, S. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaab065 · Cited by 2
“Another difference between the two samples was smoking behavior, with the M2 biomarker subsample being less likely to smoke than the rest of the M2 participants [32].”
BackgroundChai, H., & Almeida, D. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaab095 · Cited by 1
Schwartz, J. A., Jessick, S., Calvi, J. L., & Granger, D. A. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.06.002 · Cited by 2
“A subsample of twins that participated in the MIDUS II, also participated in the Biomarker Project (Love et al., 2010).”
InfluentialLiang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1213750 · Cited by 2
Alwadeai, K. S. (2024) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-230026 · Cited by 1
“Therecruitmentandassessmentproceduresutilized for the MIDUS refresher are available elsewhere [23].”
BackgroundDoes a Short Gratitude Intervention Impact Cardiovascular Reactivity to Stress?
Leavy, B., O’Connell, B. H., & O’Shea, D. E. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00922-3 · Cited by 1
The interaction between exercise and sleep with heart rate variability: cross-sectional study
Fein, T., Muhammad, T., & Lee, S. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-05887-y · Cited by 1
“Further information regarding the study visit can be found in Dienberg Love et al. (2010).”
Rodrigues, M., Bather, J. R., & Cuevas, A. G. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106116 · Cited by 1
“Additional information about the study protocols can be found elsewhere (Brim et al., 2004; Dienberg Love et al., 2010; Radler, 2014).”
InfluentialLee, P.-L., Huang, C., & Ou, L.-C. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70051 · Cited by 1
“During the clinic stay, fasting blood samples were drawn, and a 12-h urine collection was obtained for catecholamine and cortisol assays (Dienberg Love et al. 2010).”
Ashe, J. J., Bather, J. R., Crump, A. A., Sims, M., Faber, K., Williams, D. R., & Cuevas, A. G. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107795 · Cited by 1
“The study protocols received approval from the University of Wisconsin Institutional Review Board, and further details are described elsewhere (Brim et al., 2004; Dienberg Love et al., 2010; Radler, 2014).”
Life Sustaining Well-Being Practices and Physiological Health Among Black Men
Cintron, D. W., Golden, M. N., Boylan, J. M., Boehm, J. K., Yoneda, T. B., Wang, H., Hines, E. M., & Moore, J. L. (2026) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-026-03032-9 · Cited by 1
Can I Buy My Health? A Genetically Informed Study of Socioeconomic Status and Health
Robinette, J. W., Beam, C. R., & Gruenewald, T. L. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaab064 · Cited by 1
“The Biomarker Project consisted of an overnight stay in one of three General Clinical Research Centers (GCRC; at University of California, Los Angeles; University of Wisconsin; and Georgetown University) [26].”
MethodLee, H. Y., Song, J., & Choi, E. Y. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291752 · Cited by 1
Surachman, A., Harhay, M. N., Santos‐Lozada, A. R., Daw, J., Alexander, L. M., Almeida, D. M., & Coe, C. L. (2023) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001263 · Cited by 2
“For the MIDUS R Bio-marker project, blood and urine specimens were collected, which enabled the determination of serum creatinine (it has been used in the current analyses of kidney function) and additional measures related to hypertension, glucose regulation, and lipid metabolism (40).”
MethodBiopsychosocial contexts influence adult cognitive function concurrently and longitudinally
Payen, A., Bateman, J. R., Persin, M. J., & Bennett, J. M. (2024) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100732 · Cited by 1
“Additional details about the MIDUS data collection methods, project designs, and participant attrition rates are delineated elsewhere (Dien-berg Love et al., 2010; Hughes et al., 2018).”
BackgroundComputer use and cardiovascular risk biomarkers in midlife and older adults
Hu, M., Diong, S. F., Kasturiratna, K. T. A. S., & Hartanto, A. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100502 · Cited by 1
“A comprehensive physical examination was conducted during participants ’ stay, encompassing the collection of fasting blood samples before breakfast on the second day of their hospital visit (Love et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPsychological and physical wellness in older adults from the patient perspective
Song, S., Prerost, F. J., Gonzalez, E., & Woodin, J. (2012) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2012.42013 · Cited by 1
“The MIDUS (Midlife Development in the United States) studies have connected proinflammatory markers, namely Interleukin6, cortisol, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen, to stress and aging [28-36].”
BackgroundGuo, L., Huang, Y., Wan, R., Shen, Y., & Hong, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.744611 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Dienberg Love, G., Seeman, T. E., Weinstein, M., & Ryff, C. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin, Madison,
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Georgetown University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Aging and Health
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-09-27
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1059-1080
- ISSN
- 0898-2643 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6887
- PMC
- PMC2972372
- OpenAlex
- W1967392886
- Cited by
- 333
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 13.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Aging and Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Georgetown University
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG020166)
- National Center for Research Resources ((M01 RR00865), M01RR023942, UL1RR025011, M01RR000865)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Keywords
- bioindicators, MIDUS, midlife health, aging, biological evaluation, urine collection, bone densitometry, heart rate variability, blood pressure, salivary cortisol, respiration, response rate, non-participation, health and aging
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Blood Pressure, Clinical Protocols, Data Collection, Fasting, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Heart Rate, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Participation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Saliva, United States, Program Evaluation, Biomarkers, Bone Density
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