Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements
Open accessAbstract
The paper argues that informal settlements are the least prepared for health crises because basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure housing are already in short supply or non-existent.
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Claims the paper makes
26 of 60 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In urban informal settlements of the Global South, basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure adequate housing are already scarce or absent.
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. source
The Water and sanitation section (p. 11) describes poor-quality water and inadequate sanitation in slums, and Security of tenure (p. 9) says residents of most slums lack title or secure tenure. The paper recommends improving drainage and garbage removal (Health and public services, p. 17), but the passages do not establish that drainage and waste collection are scarce or absent, or directly characterize housing as inadequate. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. source
The Background (page not provided) describes slums as having inadequate access to safe water, sanitation and other infrastructure, poor-quality housing, and insecure residential status. This supports the general claim of scarce basic services and adequate housing, but the paper does not specifically identify toilets, sewers, drainage, or waste collection as scarce or absent. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. source
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section reports an acute lack of basic amenities in two Nairobi slum settlements, including limited piped water and private toilets and inadequate garbage disposal (page not provided). The paper also describes makeshift housing, but does not establish a shortage of sewers or drainage, assess housing security, or document these conditions across informal settlements throughout the Global South. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Premisecitation
Many urban informal settlement residents rely on informal health providers as their first entry into the health care system due to cost, trust, or access issues.
“Many urban informal settlement residents rely on informal health providers as their first entry into the health care system, either due to cost, trust, or access issues [50].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] Adams AM, et al. Who serves the urban poor? A geospatial and descriptive analysis of health services in slum settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(1):i32–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu094. source
The Discussion describes the informal private sector as a first point of care for poor people in Bangladesh and documents its density in Dhaka slums. It identifies low costs, flexible payment, familiarity, and convenient access as reasons for its use, but does not explicitly identify trust as a reason. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Malnutrition and food insecurity is endemic in many urban slums throughout the world.
“Malnutrition and food insecurity is endemic in many urban slums throughout the world [65–68].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [65] Joshi A, Arora A, Amadi-Mgbenka C, Mittal N, Sharma S, Malhotra B, et al. Burden of household food insecurity in urban slum settings. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(4):e0214461. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214461. source
The Introduction describes a food and nutrition emergency in urban India, and the Abstract reports food insecurity among 43% of participants sampled from Indian slums. The paper does not establish that malnutrition and food insecurity are endemic across urban slums throughout the world; its study is limited to India and does not report a direct malnutrition measure. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [66] Kimani-Murage EW, Muthuri SK, Oti SO, Mutua MK, van de Vijver S, Kyobutungi C. Evidence of a double burden of malnutrition in urban poor settings in Nairobi., Kenya. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0129943. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129943. source
The Introduction describes high food insecurity in urban poor settings in sub-Saharan Africa and says these conditions put slum dwellers at high risk of malnutrition. The Discussion reports high levels of undernutrition in the Nairobi slums studied. The paper does not establish that both conditions are endemic in many urban slums throughout the world; no page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [67] Agarwal S, Sethi V, Gupta P, Jha M, Agnihotri A, Nord M. Experiential household food insecurity in an urban underserved slum of North India. Food Sec. 2009;1(3):239–50. source
- cites [68] Hadley C, Stevenson EG, Tadesse Y, Belachew T. Rapidly rising food prices and the experience of food insecurity in urban Ethiopia: impacts on health and well-being. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12):2412–9. source
- Premisecitation
Close to one billion people are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements.
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. source
The discussion of slum populations in “Identifying and studying slums as spatial entities” (pp. 18–19) does not give a worldwide population estimate. Searches for “one billion,” “880 million,” “billion,” and “million” found no passage in our copy stating the claimed figure. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. source
- cites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. source
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section describes shortages of water, toilets, and waste disposal in the two Nairobi settlements, but gives no worldwide population estimate. Searches for “one billion” and global slum-population estimates found no passage supporting the claimed figure. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Residents of urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection.
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. source
The Water and sanitation section (p. 11) links poor water quality and inadequate sanitation in slums to high rates of diarrhoea, and the Conclusion (p. 23) says densely packed slum neighbourhoods are likely to amplify health hazards. The paper does not address COVID-19 or establish that slum residents are highly susceptible to that infection specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. source
The Background estimates that nearly 1 billion people live in slums and describes inadequate water, sanitation, housing and overcrowding as defining characteristics. The paper does not address COVID-19 or establish that slum residents are highly susceptible to it. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. source
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section documents shortages of piped water and private toilets, as well as inadequate waste disposal, in two Nairobi slum settlements. It does not assess susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, and its findings about those settlements do not establish the claim for slum residents generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Space constraints, violence, and overcrowding in slums make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical.
“Further, space constraints, violence, and overcrowding in slums and tenements make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical, and the rapid spread of an infection highly likely [8] [9] [10] [11].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [8] Snyder RE, et al. Zika: A scourge in urban slums. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(3):e0005287. Published 2017 Mar 23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005287. source
The main text (page unavailable) describes severe crowding in slums and says it facilitates the spread of mosquito-borne Zika. It does not discuss violence or say that space constraints and overcrowding make physical distancing or self-quarantine impractical. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [9] Snyder RE, Marlow MA, Riley LW. Ebola in urban slums: the elephant in the room. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(12):e685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70339-0. source
The paper’s main text describes overcrowding in slums as a condition conducive to Ebola spread and says inadequate government-enforced quarantine contributed to spread in West Point; no page number is available in our copy. It does not say that violence or space constraints make physical distancing or self-quarantine impractical, and it does not discuss tenements. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [10] Key considerations: COVID-19 in informal urban settlements. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15185/SSHAP_COVID-19_Key_Considerations_Informal_Settlements_final.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y. Accessed 28 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Community-based slum mapping exercises have regularly shown that few urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, meet minimal standards for water access, toilets per person, sewers, and drainage per household.
“Community-based slum mapping exercises have regularly shown that few urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, meet the minimal standards for water access, toilets per person, sewers, and drainage per household [58, 59].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [58] Corburn J, Hildebrand C. Slum sanitation and the social determinants of Women’s health in Nairobi. Kenya. J Environ Public Health. 2015;2015:209505. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/209505. source
The Methodology describes community-led mapping in Mathare, Nairobi, and the Results report unreliable water access, heavily shared toilets, and wastewater draining into streets. The paper supports the claim for this one settlement, but does not establish that mapping exercises regularly find these conditions across urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, or assess minimum standards for sewers and drainage per household. No page numbers were provided for the passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [59] Subbaraman R, O'Brien J, Shitole T, Shitole S, Sawant K, Bloom DE, et al. Off the map: the health and social implications of being a non-notified slum in India. Environ Urban. 2012 Oct;24(2):643-663. PMCID: PMC3565225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247812456356 source
Section V (page unavailable) documents inadequate water access, too few functioning toilets, and no sewer infrastructure in Kaula Bandar, a slum in Mumbai. It does not establish that community-based mapping exercises regularly find these conditions across urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, or address drainage per household. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Those living on the streets and in slums likely have a legitimate mistrust and fear of government and outsiders claiming to help.
“Those already living on the streets and in slums likely have a legitimate mistrust and fear of government and outsiders claiming to help, since these institutions can be perceived as oppressive and interested in stymying political opposition [23, 24].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [23] Rashid SF. Strategies to reduce exclusion among populations living in urban slum settlements in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27:574–86. source
The Results sections on eviction and housing policy describe government evictions of slum residents and the government's disregard of their protests, supporting a basis for fear of government. The paper does not report mistrust of outsiders claiming to help, an interest in suppressing political opposition, or findings about people living on the streets. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [24] Sholihah PI, Shaojun C. Impoverishment of induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) slum eviction development in Jakarta Indonesia. Int Urban Sustain Dev. 2018;10(3):263–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2018.1534737. source
- Premisecitation
Residents of informal settlements are economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses.
“Residents of informal settlements are also economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses, since most urban poor living in slums are informal workers, meaning they must show up to earn daily wages, and this daily income is used for subsistence [12].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Mberu BU, Ciera JM, et al. Patterns and determinants of poverty transitions among poor urban households in Nairobi, Kenya. Afr Dev Rev. 2014;26:172–85. source
- Premisecitation
In the Ebola outbreak in Monrovia, mistrust between the poor and medical and public health professionals contributed to misinformation and treatment delays.
“A key lesson from the Ebola outbreak in the slums of Monrovia, Liberia, was that mistrust between the poor and medical and public health professionals contributed to misinformation and treatment delays; less appreciated was that slum residents had innovative ideas about how to improve hygiene and well-being [22].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Mukpo, A. 2017. Liberia after Ebola: ‘The human suffering changed me.’ https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/liberia-ebola-human-suffering-changed-170618094629264.html. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In the 2014 Ebola outbreak, quarantines in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone resulted in large waste disposal burdens that put greater strain on the health of residents of informal settlements.
“A key lesson from the Ebola outbreak [84] in 2014 was that quarantines, which were used as a response measure in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, resulted in large waste disposal burdens that put an even greater strain on the health of residents of informal settlements.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [84] Campbell L. Learning from the Ebola response in cities: population movement: ALNAP Working Paper. ALNAP/ODI; 2017. https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/alnap-urban-2017-ebola-population-movement.pdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Urban slums are sources of substantial economic activity in cities and countries through micro-enterprises and informal labor.
“We also recognize that urban slums are the sources of substantial economic activity in cities and countries, such as through micro-enterprises and informal labor [19, 20], and any response to COVID-19 should balance economic well-being and epidemic mitigation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [19] Ellis P, Roberts M. Leveraging urbanization in South Asia: managing spatial transformation for prosperity and livability. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2016. source
- cites [20] Fox S. Political economy of slums: theory and evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. World Dev. 2014;54:191–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.08.005. source
- Premisecitation
The urban poor frequently experience violations of their rights.
“All proposed interventions must uphold human rights laws, since the urban poor frequently experience violations of their rights [86].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [86] Chandran, R. Forced evictions illegal, slum dwellers have right to City: Delhi court. Reuters. 20 March 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-landrights-court/forced-evictions-illegal-slum-dwellers-have-right-to-city-delhi-court-idUSKCN1R10V8. Accesssed 18 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Forced evictions have regularly contributed to greater spread of disease among both displaced populations and the general population.
“Forced evictions, sometimes in the name of hygiene and dispersing dense slum populations to avoid communicable disease spread, have regularly contributed to greater spread of disease among both the displaced populations and the general population [38, 39].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [38] Osorio L, Todd J, Bradley DJ. Travel histories as risk factors in the analysis of urban malaria in Colombia. Am J Ttrop Med Hyg. 2004;71(4):380. source
- cites [39] NAS. Urbanization and slums: infectious diseases in the built environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Forum on Microbial Threats. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2018. 3, Understanding Infectious Disease Transmission in Urban Built Environments. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507339/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Those living in urban informal settlements often rely on robust social connections to survive.
“Those living in urban informal settlements often rely on robust social connections to survive, such as to identify day labor, to get food using credit from a street vendor, or to find trustworthy child care providers, just to name a few [ 21].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] https://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/lang%2D%2Den/index.htm. Accessed 29 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Any COVID-19 responses that do not recognize the realities of informal settlements will further jeopardize the survival of large segments of the urban population globally.
“Any responses to COVID-19 that do not recognize these realities will further jeopardize the survival of large segments of the urban population globally.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Any responses to COVID-19 that do not recognize these realities will further jeopardize the survival of large segments of the urban population globally.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
- Premisecitation
Many residents of urban slums regularly travel as they seek work, food, services, and connect back to families in rural villages and towns.
“Many residents of urban slums are regularly traveling, as they seek work, food, services, and connect back to their families in rural villages and towns [42, 43].”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Traveling between urban and rural settings is common for urban informal settlement residents, and any COVID-19 control strategies must understand these linkages to prevent urban-rural transmission.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [42] Glennie, J. Want to know what to do about slum dwellers? Try listening to them. UK Guardian, 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/aug/23/what-to-do-about-slum-dwellers. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [43] Mberu, B. U., A. C. Ezeh, et al. (2012). “Family ties and urban-rural linkages among older migrants in Nairobi informal settlements.” Population, Space and Place. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1711. source
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
- Premisecitation
Slum residents in Monrovia had innovative ideas about how to improve hygiene and well-being.
“A key lesson from the Ebola outbreak in the slums of Monrovia, Liberia, was that mistrust between the poor and medical and public health professionals contributed to misinformation and treatment delays; less appreciated was that slum residents had innovative ideas about how to improve hygiene and well-being [22].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Mukpo, A. 2017. Liberia after Ebola: ‘The human suffering changed me.’ https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/liberia-ebola-human-suffering-changed-170618094629264.html. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Existing models of intra-slum settlement, inter-city, and global networks of mobilized slum dwellers can coordinate COVID-19 response teams.
“There are existing models of intra-slum settlement, inter-city, and global networks of mobilized slum dwellers that can coordinate COVID-19 response teams, such as those developed by Shack Dwellers International (SDI) [25].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] Patel S, Burra S, D'Cruz C. Shack/slum dwellers international (SDI) – foundations to treetops. Environ Urban. 2001;13(2):45–59. source
- Interpretationreasoning
In the short term, very few slums will be able to meet the WHO recommendation of 50 liters per person per day of potable water.
“We prefer reaching standards for non-emergency situations, but know that in the short term, very few slums will be able to meet the WHO recommendations of 50 l per person per day of potable water.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
When refuse is removed, it is often landfilled near other informal settlements, shifting waste and related disease burdens to another group of urban informal settlements.
“When refuse is removed, it is often landfilled near other informal settlements, shifting the waste and related disease burdens to another group of urban informal settlements [80].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [80] Kimani N.G. Environmental pollution and impact to public health: Implication of the Dandora Municipal dumping site in Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi:UNEP; 2007. https://www.habitants.orgx/content/download/63622/744639/version/1/file/Report+UNEP+Dandora+Environmental+Pollution+and+Impact+to+Public+Health+(2007).pdf. Accessed 2 April 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Informal providers and community health workers may have the trust with local residents to identify slum dwellers at higher risk for COVID-19.
“Informal providers and community health workers may have the trust with local residents to also be able to identify those slum dwellers at higher risk for COVID-19, such as those with HIV, TB, and COPD [51].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] van de Vijver S, Oti S, Oduor C, Ezeh A, Lange J, Agyemang C, et al. Challenges of health programmes in slums. Lancet. 2015;386(10008):2114–6. source
- Interpretationreasoning
The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the COVID-19 pandemic.
“The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
- May combine two claims. 10
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationUrban slums largely lack municipal waste collection, so residents, youth groups, and/or organized cartels often fill the void.
“Urban slums largely lack municipal waste collection [77] so residents, youth groups, and/or organized cartels often fill the void [78]. [79]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [77] Mukama, T. et al. Practices, concerns, and willingness to participate in solid waste management in two urban slums in Central Uganda. J Env and Public Health (n.d.) https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6830163 source
The Background reports that municipal waste collection has low coverage in Ugandan slums. The Results (§3.2) show residents disposing of household waste themselves, but the paper does not describe youth groups or organized cartels filling the collection gap, or establish that this pattern applies to urban slums generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [78] UN. Turning waste into a business in the slums of Yaoundé, Cameroon. 2019 https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/07/1043541
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [79] Schueler, Adriana Soares de, Kzure, Humberto, Racca, Gustavo Badolati. How are municipal waste in the slums of Rio de Janeiro?. urbe, Rev. Bras. Gest. Urbana [online]. 2018, vol.10, n.1, pp. 213-230. ISSN 2175-3369. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.010.001.ao15 source
The Abstract says irregular dumping remains common even with regular collection, and “Sobre o Grupamento 2” reports door-to-door truck collection three times a week. The paper describes access difficulties and recommends some resident involvement, but it does not say that slums largely lack municipal collection or that youth groups or cartels routinely replace it. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSharing of water access points forces residents to spend hours seeking and queuing for water, which adversely impacts health and economic status.
“Sharing of water access points forces residents to spend hours seeking and queuing for water, both of which adversely impact health and economic status [ 60, 61].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [60] Hopewell MR, Graham JP. Trends in access to water supply and sanitation in 31 major sub-Saharan African cities: an analysis of DHS data from 2000 to 2012. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:208. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-208. source
The Discussion (Difficulties of measuring and defining access; page unavailable) says households may share a standpipe with dozens of others. The Results (Time spent collecting drinking water; page unavailable) suggest that some households travel farther or wait longer in line to obtain water. The paper does not establish that sharing forces residents to spend hours seeking and queuing for water, or that this time adversely affects their health and economic status. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [61] Simiyu S, Swilling M, Cairncross S, Rheingans R. Determinants of quality of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements: case study of Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-4009-6. source
The Background and Results passages concern the management and cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities, not shared water access points. Searches for water queues, time spent collecting water, and effects on health or economic status found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationUrban slum dwellers rely on day wages to purchase food, and street food vending is often a significant source of calories and nutrition.
“Urban slum dwellers rely on day wages to purchase food, and street food vending is often a significant source of calories and nutrition [69, 70].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [69] Steyn N, Mchiza Z, et al. Nutritional contribution of street foods to the diet of people in developing countries: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2013;17:1363–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013001158. source
The Energy and nutrient intakes section says street foods make a significant contribution to dietary energy and reports their contribution to some micronutrients. The Advantages of the street food trade section links street-food consumption to employment and income, but our copy does not say that urban slum dwellers rely on day wages to purchase food. Page numbers were not provided in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [70] Galal O, Corroon M, Tirado C. Urban environment and health: food security. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2010;22(3 Suppl):254S–61S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539510372993. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIndoor air pollution from cooking can contribute to respiratory infections, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in urban slums.
“Indoor air pollution from cooking [72, 73] can contribute to respiratory infections, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in urban slums [74].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [72] Kulshreshtha P, Khare M, Seetharaman P. Indoor air quality assessment in and around urban slums of Delhi city, India. Indoor Air. 2008 Dec;18(6):488–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00550.x. source
- cites [73] Dianati K, et al. Household air pollution in Nairobi’s slums: a long-term policy evaluation using participatory system dynamics. Sci Total Environ. 2019;660:1108–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotxenv.2018.12.430. source
- cites [74] Checkley W, Pollard SL, Siddharthan T, Babu GR, Thakur M, Miele CH, et al. Managing threats to respiratory health in urban slums. Lancet. 2016;4(11):852–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600. source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSchools often provide essential nutrition and meals for children living in slums, and closing those institutions may deny children access to their only consistent meals.
“Schools often provide essential nutrition and meals for children living in slums, and closing those institutions may deny children access to their only consistent meals [71].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [71] Srivastava A, Mahmood SE, Srivastava PM, Shrotriya VP, Kumar B. Nutritional status of school-age children - a scenario of urban slums in India. Arch Public Health. 2012;70:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/0778-7367-70-8. source
The Conclusions section, under “Deliver integrated programs” (page not available), says schools can help reduce nutrition-related problems through school health programs. It does not say that schools provide meals to slum children or that closures could deprive them of their only consistent meals. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDisplacing residents of urban slums can contribute to transmission and acquisition of infections and can have long-term physical and mental health impacts, especially for women and children.
“Displacing residents of urban slums can not only contribute to transmission and acquisition of infections but can have long-term physical and mental health impacts, especially for women and children [40, 41].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [40] Kim G, Torbay R, Lawry L. Basic health, women’s health, and mental health among internally displaced persons in Nyala Province, South Darfur, Sudan. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(2):353–61. source
The Discussion (Basic Needs and Mental Health; page unavailable) links conditions in displaced-person camps to communicable-disease risk and says displacement may contribute to mental-health burdens. The Results (Morbidity; page unavailable) report illness among children, and the Discussion describes unmet women’s health needs. But the study concerns conflict-displaced people in South Darfur camps, not residents displaced from urban slums, and it does not establish long-term impacts. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [41] Choueiry N, Khawaja M. Displacement and health status in low income women: findings from a population-based study in greater Beirut. J Migr Refug Issues. 2007;3(1):1–13.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGovernments have already begun to impose quarantine and physical distancing measures for the urban poor without ensuring that those in urban slums can meet everyday needs such as food and clean water.
“However, governments have already begun to impose draconian quarantine and physical distancing measures for the urban poor without also ensuring that those residing in urban slums can meet their everyday needs, such as food and clean water [14].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Kimani-Murage EW, Schofield L, Wekesah F, Mohamed S, Mberu B, Ettarh R, et al. Vulnerability to food insecurity in urban slums: experiences from Nairobi, Kenya. J Urban Health. 2014;91:1098–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9894-3. source
The Background (page unavailable) describes inadequate water infrastructure in slums, and the Discussion (page unavailable) reports widespread food insecurity, especially during crises. The paper does not report governments imposing quarantine or physical-distancing measures, or assess whether they ensured access to food and clean water while doing so. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDisplacement, eviction, and homelessness are adverse determinants of health and can contribute to susceptibility to infection.
“Displacement, eviction, and homelessness are adverse determinants of health and can contribute to susceptibility of infection [35–37].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [35] Deola C, Patel RB. Health outcomes of crisis driven urban displacement: a conceptual framework. Disaster Health. 2014;2(2):92–6. https://doi.org/10.4161/21665044.2014.990306. source
- cites [36] Kouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H. Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2012;10(1):95–104. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.155. source
- cites [37] Puertas G, Ríos C, Valle H. The prevalence of common mental disorders in urban slums with displaced persons in Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2006;20(5):324–30. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892006001000005. source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLack of basic services can contribute to increased violence and further spread of disease.
“Lack of these basic services can contribute to increased violence and further spread of disease [62].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62] Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S. Violence, gender and WaSH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic. Environ Urban. 2015;27:105–16. source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMost urban poor living in slums are informal workers who must show up to earn daily wages, and this daily income is used for subsistence.
“Residents of informal settlements are also economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses, since most urban poor living in slums are informal workers, meaning they must show up to earn daily wages, and this daily income is used for subsistence [12].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Mberu BU, Ciera JM, et al. Patterns and determinants of poverty transitions among poor urban households in Nairobi, Kenya. Afr Dev Rev. 2014;26:172–85. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThe toll of COVID-19 on lives and livelihoods in informal settlements will have immediate and long-lasting effects.
“The toll it will take on lives and livelihoods will have immediate and long-lasting effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSolid waste recycling can be an income-generating activity for some slum dwellers.
“Solid waste recycling can also be an income-generating activity for some slum dwellers [ 81].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] Buyana K, Byarugaba D, Sseviiri H, Nsangi G, Kasaija P. Experimentation in an African neighborhood: reflections for transitions to sustainable energy in cities. Urban Forum. 2019;30:191–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-018-9358-z. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningInvesting first in the health and well-being of the urban poor and slum residents will ultimately prevent disease reservoirs that would spill over into the general population.
“Fifth, investing in the health and well-being of the urban poor and residents of slums first will ultimately prevent disease reservoirs that would eventually spillover into the general population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWHO estimates that 7 million people die every year from ambient and household air pollution, with nearly 90% of deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries.
“WHO estimates 7 million people die every year from ambient (outdoor) and household air pollution, with nearly 90% of deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries [75].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [75] WHO. 2020. Air Pollution. https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenMost top-down strategies to arrest an infectious disease will likely ignore the often-robust social groups and knowledge that already exist in many slums.
“Most top-down strategies to arrest an infectious disease will likely ignore the often-robust social groups and knowledge that already exist in many slums.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“Most top-down strategies to arrest an infectious disease will likely ignore the often-robust social groups and knowledge that already exist in many slums.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenLessons learned from earlier pandemics such as HIV and epidemics such as Ebola can be applied to COVID-19 in informal settlements.
“Lessons have been learned from earlier pandemics such as HIV and epidemics such as Ebola. They can be applied here.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Lessons have been learned from earlier pandemics such as HIV and epidemics such as Ebola. They can be applied here.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
The paper relies on this without support.
All slums the authors know about and work with have assets that can be used to share information, prevent exposure, and support well-being.
“Fourth, all slums we know about and work with have assets, even among the widespread deprivation, that can be utilized to share information, prevent exposure, and support over-all well-being.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people.
“Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people, and when clinics do exist, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When clinics exist in urban slums, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.
“Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people, and when clinics do exist, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Narrow lanes, steep slopes, river crossings, and other natural and human-made barriers can deny emergency vehicle access to urban slums.
“Narrow lanes, steep slopes, river crossings, and other natural and human-made barriers can deny emergency vehicle access to urban slums.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Informal and unregulated health care providers proliferate in slums.
“As noted above, informal and unregulated health care providers proliferate in slums.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most common ailments in urban slums tend to be diarrhea, upper respiratory infections, and injuries.
“The mobile units should also be prepared to treat the most common ailments in urban slums, which tend to be diarrhea, upper respiratory infections, and injuries.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In Latin America, between 20-30% of the region's population lives in an urban informal settlement, which have been identified as being at elevated risk to COVID-19 due to poverty, violence, and overcrowding.
“In Latin America, it is estimated that between 20–30% of the region’s population – approximately 113 million people – lives in an urban informal settlement, which have been identified as being at elevated risk to COVID-19 due to poverty, violence, and overcrowding [7, 23].”
From Social epidemiology of urban COVID-19 inequalities in Latin America and Canada (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction identifies residents of urban informal settlements as highly susceptible to COVID-19 and says that violence and overcrowding make distancing impractical. It gives a global estimate of nearly one billion residents, but not the claimed 20–30% or approximately 113 million figure for Latin America. The passages have no page number in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWide disparities in socioeconomic status and segregation into wealthy and poor sub-city units mean that cities contain a microcosm of social gradients and inequities in health present in the rest of the country.
“Although urban areas are generally wealthier than rural areas, wide disparities in socioeconomic status (SES) and segregation into wealthy and poor sub-city units mean that cities contain a microcosm of social gradients – and inequities in health – present in the rest of the country [7–9].”
From Social epidemiology of urban COVID-19 inequalities in Latin America and Canada (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction describes urban slum residents’ economic vulnerability, limited services, and heightened health risks, and mentions higher-income neighborhoods. It does not establish segregation into wealthy and poor sub-city units or show that cities reproduce the country’s wider social and health gradients. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Cites
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“Displacement, eviction, and homelessness are adverse determinants of health and can contribute to susceptibility of infection [35] [36] [37] .”
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Self-citationThe Political Economy of Slums: Theory and Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
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“We also recognize that urban slums are the sources of substantial economic activity in cities and countries, such as through micro-enterprises and informal labor [19, 20] , and any response to COVID-19 should balance economic well-being and epidemic mitigation.”
Nutritional status of school-age children - A scenario of urban slums in India
Srivastava, A., Mahmood, S. E., Srivastava, P. M., Shrotriya, V. P., & Kumar, B. (2012) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/0778-7367-70-8 · Cited by 270 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Providing produce and proteins for home cooking may also not be adequate, especially if residents of informal settlements are forced to cook inside their structures.”
Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic
Sommer, M., Ferron, S., Cavill, S., & House, S. (2015) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/0956247814564528 · Cited by 230 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Lack of these basic services can contribute to increased violence and further spread of disease [62].”
Krystosik, A., Njoroge, G., Odhiambo, L. A., Forsyth, J. E., Mutuku, F. M., & LaBeaud, A. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00405 · Cited by 226 · cited 1× · see citing works
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Evidence of a Double Burden of Malnutrition in Urban Poor Settings in Nairobi, Kenya
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“governments have already begun to impose draconian quarantine and physical distancing measures for the urban poor without also ensuring that those residing in urban slums canmeet their everyday needs, such as food and clean water [14].”
Self-citationSteyn, N. P., Mchiza, Z., Hill, J., Davids, Y. D., Venter, I., Hinrichsen, E., Opperman, M., Rumbelow, J., & Jacobs, P. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980013001158 · Cited by 203 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Schools often provide essential nutrition and meals for children living in slums, and closing those institutions may deny children access to their only consistent meals [71] .”
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“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4] [5] [6] [7] .”
Slum Sanitation and the Social Determinants of Women’s Health in Nairobi, Kenya
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Self-citationStrategies to Reduce Exclusion among Populations Living in Urban Slum Settlements in Bangladesh
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“Those already living on the streets and in slums likely have a legitimate mistrust and fear of government and outsiders claiming to help, since these institutions can be perceived as oppressive and interested in stymying political opposition [23, 24] .”
Self-citationSlum Upgrading and Health Equity
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“care, and invest new resources to ensure urban informal settlements benefit in the long term [13].”
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“Urban slum dwellers rely on day wages to purchase food, and street food vending is often a significant source of calories and nutrition [69, 70] .”
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“Displacing residents of urban slums can not only contribute to transmission and acquisition of infections but can have long-term physical and mental health impacts, especially for women and children [40, 41].”
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Self-citationIndoor air quality assessment in and around urban slums of Delhi city, India
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“Indoor air pollution from cooking [72, 73] can contribute to respiratory infections, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in urban slums [74].”
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“Such providers could be key to early detection of cases, and they along with community health workers (CHWs) from each urban slum should be trained to both protect themselves and others, such as by helping detect symptoms and reporting to relevant authorities [53, 54].”
Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI) - foundations to treetops
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“(6) Immediate food assistance.”
Burden of household food insecurity in urban slum settings
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“(2) Immediate moratorium on evictions [34] .”
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“There are likely some pre-existing organized community groups, as well as NGOs skilled in disaster prevention and response [26] , public health, preventing genderbased and ethnic violence, and with mobilizing hard-to-reach populations such as youth gang members [27] , and all these should be identified early in this p…”
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“Indoor air pollution from cooking [72, 73] can contribute to respiratory infections, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in urban slums [74] .”
Self-citationPatterns and Determinants of Poverty Transitions among Poor Urban Households in Nairobi, Kenya
Mberu, B. U., Ciera, J. M., Elungata, P., & Ezeh, A. C. (2014) · African Development Review · doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12073 · Cited by 53 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Residents of informal settlements are also economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses, since most urban poor living in slums are informal workers, meaning theymust show up to earn daily wages, and this daily income is used for subsistence [12].”
Self-citationFamily Ties and Urban–Rural Linkages among Older Migrants in Nairobi Informal Settlements
Mberu, B. U., Ezeh, A. C., Chepngeno‐Langat, G., Kimani, J., Oti, S., & Beguy, D. (2013) · Population, Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.1711 · Cited by 53 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Many residents of urban slums are regularly traveling, as they seek work, food, services, and connect back to their families in rural villages and towns [42, 43].”
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Zika: A scourge in urban slums
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Self-citationEbola in urban slums: the elephant in the room
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“make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical, and the rapid spread of an infection highly likely [8] [9] [10] [11].”
Self-citationManaging threats to respiratory health in urban slums
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TRAVEL HISTORIES AS RISK FACTORS IN THE ANALYSIS OF URBAN MALARIA IN COLOMBIA
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“Forced evictions, sometimes in the name of hygiene and dispersing dense slum populations to avoid communicable disease spread, have regularly contributed to greater spread of disease among both the displaced populations and the general population [38, 39] .”
Kerrigan, D. L., Vazzano, A., Bertoni, N., Malta, M., & Bastos, F. I. (2015) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2015.1064459 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“tion and stigmatization that can come with a new disease [55, 56].”
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“Those already living on the streets and in slums likely have a legitimate mistrust and fear of government and outsiders claiming to help, since these institutions can be perceived as oppressive and interested in stymying political opposition [23, 24] .”
Challenges of health programmes in slums
van de Vijver, S., Oti, S., Oduor, C., Ezeh, A., Lange, J., Agyemang, C., & Kyobutungi, C. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00385-2 · Cited by 34 · cited 1× · see citing works
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Slum Health: From the Cell to the Street
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“We suggest incorporating, not ignoring, the informal providers into all pandemic response plans in the urban slums [52] .”
Entering the City: Emerging Evidence and Practices with Safety Nets in Urban Areas
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“Governments must provide new, additional financial supports directly to the urban poor to offset any loss of employment and to support their health [44].”
Urban Environment and Health: Food Security
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Como estão os resíduos urbanos nas favelas cariocas?
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Perception of receiving SMS based health messages among hypertensive individuals in urban slums
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Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and recommendations
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“135 137 As such, a more nuanced and community specific approach might be required.”
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“However, uncontrolled landfilling and local burning strategies on plastic waste increased substantially in some Indian municipalities during COVID-19 pandemic, as an attempt to avoid virus contagion (Corburn et al., 2020).”
Emotional, Behavioral, and Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Pedrosa, A. L., Bitencourt, L., Fróes, A. C. F., Cazumbá, M. L. B., Campos, R. G. B., de Brito, S. B. C. S., & Silva, A. C. S. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566212 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
COVID-19 Government Response Event Dataset (CoronaNet v.1.0)
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Salyer, S. J., Maeda, J. M., Sembuche, S. L., Kebede, Y., Tshangela, A., Moussif, M., Ihekweazu, C. A., Mayet, N. T., Abate, E., Ouma, A. E. O., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00632-2 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
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“, 2020), which could also lead to enhanced COVID-19 transmission and severe impacts among already vulnerable populations (Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPlastics in the time of COVID-19 pandemic: Protector or polluter?
Parashar, N., & Hait, S. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144274 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Shams, M., Alam, I., & Mahbub, M. S. (2021) · Environmental Advances · doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100119 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease
Berretta, A. A., Silveira, M. A. D., Capcha, J. M. C., & JONG, D. D. (2020) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110622 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“Economic and other necessities limit how well and how long these isolation measures can be maintained, especially in poor countries and in poor communities such as slums and favelas [5, 6].”
Harussani, M. M., Sapuan, S. M., Rashid, U., Khalina, A., & Ilyas, R. A. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149911 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“Corburn et al. (2020) stated that improper landfilling and local burning of plastic and medical waste had increased Indian municipal waste issues the pandemic, and this situation aid the spread of the virus contagion.”
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“It should be noted that there is disagreement in the literature on the quality of data governance for informal urban settlements and the need for intervention, which requires further research.(41,42) Some commentaries on the environmental impacts on wet markets with respect to COVID-19 and pandemics were identified.”
BackgroundMunicipal solid waste management during COVID-19 pandemic: effects and repercussions
Yousefi, M., Oskoei, V., Jafari, A. J., et al. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14214-9 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“So, close attention to waste collection and management programs is necessary for slums and refugee camps to deal with COVID-19 (Corburn et al. 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 spread in a classroom equipped with partition – A CFD approach
Mirzaie, M., Lakzian, E., Khan, A., Warkiani, M. E., Mahian, O., & Ahmadi, G. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126587 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
COVID-19 and urban vulnerability in India
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A framework for identifying and mitigating the equity harms of COVID-19 policy interventions
Glover, R. E., van Schalkwyk, M. C., Akl, E. A., Kristjansson, E., Lotfi, T., Petkovic, J., Petticrew, M. P., Pottie, K. C., Tugwell, P., & Welch, V. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.004 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“Social capital LMIC Restrictions risk community networks [24] Drug adherence [111] Stress [112] Cohesion [113,114] Future local projects [115] Remote support [116]”
BackgroundInfluentialCrowding has consequences: Prevention and management of COVID-19 in informal urban settlements
von Seidlein, L., Alabaster, G., Deen, J. L., & Knudsen, J. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107472 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The hygiene hypothesis, the COVID pandemic, and consequences for the human microbiome
Finlay, B. B., Amato, K. R., Azad, M. B., Blaser, M. J., Bosch, T. C. G., Chu, H., Domínguez-Bello, M. G., Ehrlich, S. D., Elinav, E., Geva‐Zatorsky, N., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2010217118 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
How Might the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect 21st Century Urban Design, Planning, and Development?
Bereitschaft, B., & Scheller, D. S. (2020) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci4040056 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“The formation of local emergency planning committees, generally one per informal settlement, could further help effectively distribute resources and pinpoint areas of the greatest need by leveraging knowledge of the local community [136].”
BackgroundThe nature of cities and the Covid-19 pandemic
Lai, K. Y., Webster, C. J., Kumari, S., & Sarkar, C. (2020) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2020.08.008 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“High density informal settlements of Lower and Middle Income Countries pose a different set of challenges [10,11].”
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Urban resilience: Multidimensional perspectives, challenges and prospects for future research
Kapucu, N., Ge, Y., Rott, E., & Isgandar, H. (2024) · Urban Governance · doi:10.1016/j.ugj.2024.09.003 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Chirisa, I. E., Mutambisi, T., Chivenge, M., Mabaso, E., Matamanda, A. R., & NCUBE, R. K. (2020) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10281-6 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Risks of Covid-19 face masks to wildlife: Present and future research needs
Silva, A. L. P., Prata, J. C., Mouneyrac, C., Barceló, ., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha‐Santos, T. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148505 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“For example, In Jakarta, Indonesia, approximately 250 disposable masks might be entering aquatic environments daily (Cordova et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMihai, F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155439 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Massive amounts of medical waste have already been generated and disposed into the natural environment [2] and waste mismanagement practices can increase the contamination risks in developing countries [3,4] or among urban poor which live in informal settlements [5,6] or among hundreds of millions of people without ba…”
BackgroundGwenzi, W. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141751 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Das, A., Ghosh, S. S., Das, K., Basu, T., Dutta, I., & Das, M. (2020) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102577 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Social Work during the COVID-19 Crisis: Responding to Urgent Social Needs
Redondo-Sama, G., Matulic, V., Pascual, A. M., & de Vicente, I. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12208595 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“), and there are space constraints and other aspects such as violence that require immediate measures to protect the most vulnerable [8].”
BackgroundSilva, A. L. P., Prata, J. C., Duarte, A. C., Barceló, ., & Rocha‐Santos, T. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.131201 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Neoliberal disease: COVID-19, co-pathogenesis and global health insecurities
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“Although ‘flattening the curve’ has become a major clarion call globally, in Kenya and most African countries a full lock-down, even in the short term, holds limited feasibility, as a high proportion of Kenyans are employed in the informal sector (Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEnvironmental Impacts of Personal Protective Clothing Used to Combat COVID‐ 19
Uddin, M. A., Afroj, S., Hasan, T., Carr, C., Novoselov, K. S., & Karim, N. (2021) · Advanced Sustainable Systems · doi:10.1002/adsu.202100176 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
COVID-19 and municipal solid waste (MSW) management: a review
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“In India, around 60% of plastic is recycled (Alpizar et al. 2020); however, the pandemic has decreased the recycling of plastic in countries with smaller economies, and increased local burning strategies as an attempt to avoid virus contagion (Corburn et al. 2020).”
BackgroundAccess to Healthcare in a time of COVID-19: Sex Workers in Crisis in Nairobi, Kenya
Gichuna, S., Hassan, R., Sanders, T., et al. (2020) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1810298 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
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“[28] added that massive amounts of medical waste from COVID-19 are continuously generated and disposed into the natural environment; and inappropriate waste management practices can increase the risk of contamination, particu-”
BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: Challenges for developing countries
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Beyond command and control: A rapid review of meaningful community-engaged responses to COVID-19
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“in some countries, and laissez fare responses leaving people to make individual choices in others (Bhaduri, 2020; Corburn et al., 2020; Loewenson et al., 2020a).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 transmission dynamics underlying epidemic waves in Kenya
Brand, S. P. C., Ojal, J., Aziza, R., Were, V. O., Okiro, E. A., Kombe, I. K., Mburu, C., Ogero, M. O., Agweyu, A., Warimwe, G. M., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abk0414 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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“Slum dwellers largely depend on daily wages for food and other essential requirements [26, 27].”
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“However, access to health care can often be better than in rural areas where many migrants originate [20].”
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“Wilkinson (2020a); Corburn et al. (2020); Vera et al. (2020).”
COVID-19, poverty and inclusive development
Gupta, J., Bavinck, M., Ros-Tonen, M. A. F., Asubonteng, K. O., Bosch, H., van Ewijk, E., Hordijk, M. A., Leynseele, Y. V., Cardozo, M. T. A. L., Miedema, E. A. J., et al. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105527 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Limited access to social distancing options: About 0.9 billion people live in informal, congested settlements with limited social distancing options (Wilkinson, 2020) where infections spread rapidly (Gibson & Rush, 2020; Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe socioeconomic and environmental drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic: A review
Wu, T. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-020-01497-4 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
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Spatial distributive effects of public green space and COVID-19 infection in London
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COVID-19 in India: who are we leaving behind?
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Disposable over Reusable Face Masks: Public Safety or Environmental Disaster?
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“Most COVID-19 household waste is being landfilled [41] or, worse, discarded in open landfills in countries with limited”
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Islam, S. M. D.-U., Mondal, P. K., Ojöng, N., Bodrud-Doza, M., Siddique, M. A. B., Hossain, M., & Mamun, M. A. (2021) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-020-01151-9 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Spread of COVID-19 in urban neighbourhoods and slums of the developing world
Sahasranaman, A., & Jensen, H. J. (2021) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2020.0599 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Water Quality and Water Pollution in Time of COVID-19: Positive and Negative Repercussions
Mănoiu, V.-M., Kubiak-Wójcicka, K., Crăciun, A.-I., Akman, Ç., & Akman, E. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14071124 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Impacts of COVID-19 Outbreak on the Municipal Solid Waste Management: Now and beyond the Pandemic
Roy, P., Mohanty, A. K., Wagner, A., Sharif, S., Khalil, H., & Misra, M. (2021) · ACS Environmental Au · doi:10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00005 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Towards a More Equal City: Seven Transformations for More Equitable and Sustainable Cities
Mahendra, A., King, R., Du, J., Dasgupta, A., Beard, V. A., Kallergis, A., & Schalch, K. (2021) · doi:10.46830/wrirpt.19.00124 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Siegel, R., & Mallow, P. J. (2020) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922820973018 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Planning for pandemic resilience: COVID-19 experience from urban slums in Khulna, Bangladesh
Akter, S., Hakim, S. S., & Rahman, M. S. (2021) · Journal of Urban Management · doi:10.1016/j.jum.2021.08.003 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hernández, J. R. E., Moghadam, S. T., Sharifi, A., & Lombardi, P. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139735 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Different scholars have also concluded that vulnerable groups such as low-income people and minorities were the most affected during the outbreak (Corburn et al., 2020).”
Kephart, J. L., Delclòs‐Alió, X., Rodrı́guez, D. A., Sarmiento, O. L., Barrientos‐Gutiérrez, T., Ramírez‐Zea, M., Quistberg, D. A., Bilal, U., & Roux, A. V. D. (2021) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(21)00174-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Olateju, Z., Olufunlayo, T. F., MacArthur, C., Leung, C., & Taylor, B. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265092 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“More recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, CHWs have aided in the home delivery of medications [18], follow up of patients [19], health education [20], nutrition screening, vaccine delivery [21] and psychological and social support [22,23].”
BackgroundRurally rooted cross-border migrant workers from Myanmar, Covid-19, and agrarian movements
Borras, S. M., Franco, J. C., Ra, D., et al. (2021) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-021-10262-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Azunre, G. A., Amponsah, O., Takyi, S. A., Mensah, H., & Braimah, I. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105782 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Rahman, M. H., Zafri, N. M., Ashik, F. R., Waliullah, M., & Khan, A. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06260 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Knowledge, risk perceptions, and behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi
Banda, J., Dube, A. L. N., Brumfield, S., Amoah, A. S., Crampin, A. C., Reniers, G., & Helleringer, S. (2021) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2021.44.20 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Leveraging Africa's preparedness towards the next phase of the COVID-19 pandemic
Senghore, M., Savi, M. K., Gnangnon, B., Hanage, W. P., & Okeke, I. N. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30234-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Preventing COVID‐19 Amid Public Health and Urban Planning Failures in Slums of Indian Cities
Patel, A. (2020) · World Medical & Health Policy · doi:10.1002/wmh3.351 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“A recent article by a team of public health experts, epidemiologists, community leaders, and NGOs provides eight urgent recommendations for governments to reduce the impact of COVID‐19 on people living in slums (Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCobre, A. D. F., Böger, B., Fachi, M. M., Vilhena, R. D. O., Domingos, E. L., Tonin, F. S., & Pontarolo, R. (2020) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.26882020 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Challenges of Testing COVID-19 Cases in Bangladesh
Rahaman, K. R., Mahmud, M. S., & Mallick, B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186439 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Neighborhood sustainability assessment tools: Research trends and forecast for the built environment
Dawodu, A., Cheshmehzangi, A., Sharifi, A., et al. (2022) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2022.100064 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Impacts of Plastic Waste from Personal Protective Equipment Used during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cubas, A., Moecke, E., Provin, A., Dutra, A. R. A., Machado, M., & Gouveia, I. (2023) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym15153151 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The impact of the pandemic on several SDGs is evident [80,81].”
BackgroundDaboné, C., Mbagwu, I., Muray, M., Ubangha, L., Kohoun, B., Etowa, E. B., Nare, H., Kiros, G., & Etowa, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-00973-1 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The rest of the studies were comments [27], theoretical perspectives [25, 28, 29], or just a press release report [21, 23, 24].”
BackgroundInfluentialAlam, S., Adnan, Z. H., Baten, M. A., & Bag, S. (2021) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-06-2021-0329 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
COVID-19-Related Studies of Nonprofit Management: A Critical Review and Research Agenda
Santos, M. R. C., & Laureano, R. M. D. S. (2021) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-021-00432-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The COVID-19 pandemic, small-scale fisheries and coastal fishing communities (Bennett et al., 2020) - Slum health: Arresting COVID-19 and improving well-being in urban informal settlements (Corburn et al., 2020) -”
BackgroundTampe, T. (2020) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2020.1791443 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“A recent review by Corburn et al. (2020) describes this recommendation and other pertinent actions in more detail.”
BackgroundInformal urbanism in the state of uncertainty: forms of informality and urban health emergencies
Kamalipour, H., & Peimani, N. (2020) · URBAN DESIGN International · doi:10.1057/s41289-020-00145-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
COVID-19 and Slums: A Pandemic Highlights Gaps in Knowledge About Urban Poverty
Friesen, J., & Pelz, P. F. (2020) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/19578 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“As mentioned above, researchers have already developed proposals to prevent or contain the spread of COVID-19 in slums in a very concrete way [10,14].”
BackgroundTargeting the World’s Slums as Fat Tails in the Distribution of COVID-19 Cases
Buckley, R. M. (2020) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00450-w · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Fortunately, a group of medical experts and slum community leaders have laid out the dimensions of a plan of action called “Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-being in Urban Informal Settlements,” in the Journal of Urban Health, hereafter, the slumcoronavirus paper [7].”
BackgroundPost COVID-19 recovery: Challenges and opportunities for solid waste management in Africa
Adusei-Gyamfi, J., Boateng, K. S., Sulemana, A., & Hogarh, J. N. (2022) · Environmental Challenges · doi:10.1016/j.envc.2022.100442 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Habitat vulnerability in slum areas of India – What we learnt from COVID-19?
Das, M., Das, A., Giri, B., Sarkar, R., & Saha, S. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102553 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Slum households are highly relying on a robust social connection [77] for subsistence.”
Shi, C., Liao, L., Li, H., & Su, Z. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12419-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Common space and living space are often very narrow in these communities, the lighting and ventilation conditions of the buildings are poor, and the public health facilities are usually outdated or even deficient [48].”
BackgroundKim, J., Hagen, E., Muindi, Z., Mbonglou, G., & Laituri, M. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153398 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…Kibera and Mathare as our study area because WASH and general public health issues in Kibera and Mathare were critical even before the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., Corburn and Hildebrand, 2015; Corburn and Karanja, 2014; Darkey and Kariuki, 2013; Edwards et al., 2015; Mutisya and Yarime, 2011).”
Shumba, C. S., Kimani, R. W., Shaibu, S., Mbuthia, G., Maina, R., Mbugua, S., Shah, S., Ndirangu, E. W., Abubakar, A. A., & Luchters, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197028 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Stay at home orders and lockdowns are unlikely to be followed through as quest for food and basic commodities is necessary [65].”
BackgroundSocial distancing and wellbeing: conceptualizing actor distance and actor safe zone for pandemics
Finsterwalder, J. (2020) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2020.1841753 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Deprivations and Inequities in Cities Viewed Through a Pandemic Lens
Boza‐Kiss, B., Pachauri, S., & Zimm, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2021.645914 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Valenzuela‐Levi, N., Echiburú, T., Correa-Parra, J., Hurtubia, R., & Muñoz, J. C. (2021) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.05.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Willingness to Get the COVID-19 Vaccine among Residents of Slum Settlements
Ticona, J. P. A., Nery, N., Victoriano, R., Fofana, M. O., Ribeiro, G. S., Giorgi, E., dos Reis, M. G., Ko, A. I., & Costa, F. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9090951 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Moreover, COVID-19 has had a large economic impact due to rising unemployment rates, which hamper adhesion to preventive measures (such as lockdown and social distancing) [4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationParikh, P., Diep, L., Gupte, J., & Lakhanpaul, M. (2020) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102871 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“These include respiratory infections, tuberculosis, typhoid and malaria, commonly diagnosed among low-income populations living in homes with poor infrastructure and limited access to basic services (Corburn et al., 2020; Hardoy, Mitlin, & Satterthwaite, 2001).”
Brito, P. L., Kuffer, M., Koeva, M., Pedrassoli, J. C., Wang, J., Costa, F., & de Freitas, A. D. (2020) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi9090557 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“(h) Community organizations and empowerment through local leadership and available infrastructure for humanitarian aid actions, such as schools, community centers, and religious buildings [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialBucătaru, C., Săvescu, D., Repanovici, A., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13063300 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“[14] analyzes the way to improve and protect people, to improve their lives, and well-being, for people with modest incomes, low, on the verge of existence, migrants and proposes economic, social, and psychical measures (maybe major psychic influences leading to suicide).”
BackgroundInfluentialDas, K. P., Sharma, D., Saha, S., & Satapathy, B. K. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16025-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In many Indian cities, significantly increased cases of unscientific landfills and open burning of plastic waste were reported during the pandemic (Corburn et al. 2020; Shooshtarian et al. 2020b).”
BackgroundRethinking the distribution of urban green spaces in Mexico City: Lessons from the COVID-19 outbreak
Huerta, C. M. (2022) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127525 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Corburn, J., Vlahov, D., Mberu, B., Riley, L., Caiaffa, W. T., Rashid, S. F., Ko, A., Patel, S., Jukur, S., Martínez-Herrera, E., Jayasinghe, S., Agarwal, S., Nguendo-Yongsi, B., Weru, J., Ouma, S., Edmundo, K., Oni, T., & Ayad, H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Yale University (US)
- African Population and Health Research Center (KE)
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
- BRAC University (BD)
- Sun Pharma Advanced Research (India) (IN)
- University of Colombo (LK)
- Université de Yaoundé II (CM)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Alexandria University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Corburn, Jason
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Urban Health
- Published
- 2020-04-24
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 348-357
- ISSN
- 0028-7091 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-3460
- 1468-2869
- PMC
- PMC7182092
- OpenAlex
- W3020814017
- Cited by
- 587
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 172 · 2020: 105
- FWCI
- 258.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-02-11)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Urban Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BRAC University Institutional Repository (BRAC University) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/S00811X/1)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, informal settlements, slums, urban poverty, community health workers, eviction moratorium, cash transfers, water, sanitation and hygiene, food aid, solid waste collection, health care access, migrants, homelessness, Sphere standards, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Health Services Accessibility, Housing, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Poverty Areas, Sanitation, Urban Health, Urban Population, Coronavirus Infections, Vulnerable Populations, Pandemics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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