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Off the map: the health and social implications of being a non-notified slum in India

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Subbaraman, Ramnath, O’brien, Jennifer, Shitole, Tejal, Shitole, Shrutika, Sawant, Kiran, Bloom, David E, Patil-Deshmukh, Anita·2012·Environment and Urbanization

DOI 10.1177/0956247812456356PMC PMC3565225

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Abstract

Approximately half of all slums ( 1 ) in India are not recognized by the government. Lack of government recognition, also referred to as “non-notified status” in the Indian context, may create entrenched barriers to legal rights and basic services such as water, sanitation and security of tenure. In this paper, we explore the relationship between non-notified status and health outcomes in Kaula Bandar, a slum in Mumbai, India. We illustrate this relationship using the findings of a four-year long series of studies in the community. By comparing Kaula Bandar’s statistics with those from other Mumbai slums captured by India’s National Family Health Survey–3, we show that Kaula Bandar has relative deficiencies in several health and social outcomes, including educational status, child health and adult nutrition. We then provide an explanatory framework for the role that Kaula Bandar’s non-notified status may play in generating poor health outcomes, by discussing the health consequences of the absence of basic services. We also highlight the criminalization by the government of activities necessary for fulfilling access to fundamental needs such as water, toilets and shelter. We argue that the policy vacuum surrounding non-notified slums such as Kaula Bandar results in governance failures that lead to poor health outcomes. Our findings highlight the need for cities in India and other developing countries to establish and fulfill minimum humanitarian standards in non-notified slums for the provision of basic services such as water, sanitation, solid waste removal, electricity and education.

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Self-citation

Authors: Subbaraman, R., O’brien, J., Shitole, T., Shitole, S., Sawant, K., Bloom, D. E., & Patil-Deshmukh, A.
Affiliations: Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (IN)
Harvard University (US)
e-mail:
Corresponding author: Subbaraman, Ramnath
O’brien, Jennifer
Shitole, Tejal
Shitole, Shrutika
Sawant, Kiran
Bloom, David E
Patil-Deshmukh, Anita
ORCID: Subbaraman, Ramnath
O’brien, Jennifer
Bloom, David E
Venue: Environment and Urbanization
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-10
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Pages: 643-663
ISSN: 0956-2478 (ISSN-L)
1746-0301
DOI: 10.1177/0956247812456356
PMC: PMC3565225
OpenAlex: W1978771292
Cited by: 101
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 23.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Environment and Urbanization (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Fogarty International Center (R24TW007988)
Topics: Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Development and Societal Issues
Keywords: informal settlements, health outcomes, basic services, water and sanitation, tenure security, child health, adult nutrition, urban governance, humanitarian norms, Mumbai

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Off the map: the health and social implications of being a non-notified slum in India

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