Building Blocks for Developing Spatial Skills: Evidence From a Large, Representative U.S. Sample

Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables

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The mental representation of parity and number magnitude.

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The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies.

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Spatial ability for STEM domains: Aligning over 50 years of cumulative psychological knowledge solidifies its importance.

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Promoting Broad and Stable Improvements in Low-Income Children’s Numerical Knowledge Through Playing Number Board Games

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The new science of cognitive sex differences

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Fine motor skills and early comprehension of the world: two new school readiness indicators.

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Spatial Thinking and STEM Education

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Playing linear number board games—but not circular ones—improves low-income preschoolers’ numerical understanding.

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Fine motor skills and executive function both contribute to kindergarten achievement.

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Investigating the Impact of the AI-Supported 5E (AI-s5E) Instructional Model on Spatial Ability

Gürefe, N., Aktaş, G. S., & ÖKSÜZ, H. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14080682 · Cited by 17

Constructing gender using visual imagery –a study of early readers

Lee, J. F. K., & Chin, A. C.-O. (2021) · Language & Communication · doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2021.01.005 · Cited by 14

Translating cognitive science in the public square

Hassinger‐Das, B., Zosh, J. M., Bustamante, A. S., Golinkoff, R. M., & Hirsh‐Pasek, K. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.001 · Cited by 14

Drinking tea improves the performance of divergent creativity

Huang, Y., Choe, Y., Lee, S., Wang, E., Wu, Y., & Wang, L. (2017) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.12.014 · Cited by 14

BrickSmart: Leveraging Generative AI to Support Children's Spatial Language Learning in Family Block Play

Liu, Y., Zha, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Xin, Q., Nie, L. Y., Zhang, C., & Xu, Y. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714212 · Cited by 13

Tangible and digital materials for spatial play: Exploring the effects on parental talk and children's spatial reasoning

Antrilli, N. K., & Wang, S. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13269 · Cited by 13

Building Numeracy Skills: Associations between DUPLO® Block Construction and Numeracy in Early Childhood

Gilligan-Lee, K. A., Fink, E., Jerrom, L., Davies, M., Dempsey, C., Hughes, C. H., & Farran, E. K. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11080161 · Cited by 15

U.S. parents' attitudes toward playful learning

Wright, C. A., Josh Pasek, B., Lee, J. Y., Masters, A. S., Golinkoff, R. M., Thomsen, B. S., & Hirsh‐Pasek, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Developmental Psychology · doi:10.3389/fdpys.2023.1267169 · Cited by 15

Early Childhood Mathematics Education Research: Overview of Latest Developments And Looking Ahead

Elia, I., Baccaglini‐Frank, A., Levenson, E. S., Matsuo, N., Feza, N. N., & Lisarelli, G. (2023) · Annales de didactique et de sciences cognitives · doi:10.4000/adsc.3113 · Cited by 16

Unlocking math potential in students from lower SES backgrounds – using instructional scaffolds to improve performance

Bach, K. M., Reinhold, F., & Hofer, S. I. (2025) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-025-00358-7 · Cited by 16

When Parents Go Shopping: Perspectives on Gender-Typed Toys among Polish Mothers and Fathers from Big Cities

Lipowska, K., & Łada‐Maśko, A. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8090744 · Cited by 13

Where music meets space: Children’s sensitivity to pitch intervals is related to their mental spatial transformation skills

Möhring, W., Ramsook, K. A., Hirsh‐Pasek, K., Golinkoff, R. M., & Newcombe, N. S. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.016 · Cited by 13

Examining Parent–Child Spatial Play Interaction Using Traditional Toys and Touch Screen Tablets

Lee, J., & Wood, E. (2020) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2020.1811062 · Cited by 12

Social Influences on Gender Development: Theory and Context

Coyle, E. F., & Fulcher, M. (2022) · Focus on sexuality research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84273-4_4 · Cited by 12

The Development of Object Construction From Infancy Through Toddlerhood

Marcinowski, E. C., Nelson, E. L., Campbell, J. M., & Michel, G. F. (2019) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12284 · Cited by 12

Develop children’s science process skills through building activities in center of beam: optical geometry on focus

Afifah, R. N., Syaodih, E., Suhandi, A., Maftuh, B., Hermita, N., Handayani, H. T., Qonita, Q., Ningsih, A. R., Gumala, Y., & Samsudin, A. (2019) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1280/5/052016 · Cited by 12

Female Students in Quantitative Courses: An Exploration of their Motivational Sources, Learning Strategies, Learning Behaviors, and Course Achievement

Dabas, C. S., Muljana, P. S., & Luo, T. (2021) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-021-09552-z · Cited by 15

Structured versus free block play: the impact on arithmetic processing

Newman, S. D., Loughery, E., Ecklund, A., You, C., Werder, H. V., & Soylu, F. (2020) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2020.100146 · Cited by 11

Children’s Spatial Play With a Block Building Touchscreen Application

Polinsky, N., Lemley, B., Flynn, R. M., Wartella, E. A., & Uttal, D. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.871895 · Cited by 11

Contributions of executive function to spatial thinking in young children

Garcia, N. L., Dick, A. S., & Pruden, S. M. (2022) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2317 · Cited by 13

Gender, Toys, and Play: How Gendered Early Experiences Shape Later Development

Weisgram, E. S. (2022) · Focus on sexuality research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84273-4_7 · Cited by 11

First Insights into Preschool Teachers’ Instructional Quality in Block Play and Its Associations with Children’s Knowledge, Interest, Academic Self-Concept and Cognitive Aspects

Schmitt, L., Weber, A. M., Weber, D., & Leuchter, M. (2023) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2023.2233879 · Cited by 11

A Growth Mindset Message Leads Parents to Choose More Challenging Learning Activities

Tian, J., Bennett-Pierre, G., Tavassolie, N. S., Newcombe, N. S., Weinraub, M., Hindman, A. H., Newton, K. J., & Gunderson, E. A. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11100193 · Cited by 11

Measuring preschool children's knowledge of the principle of static equilibrium in the context of building blocks: Validation of a test instrument

Weber, A. M., & Leuchter, M. (2019) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12304 · Cited by 13

Differentiation of Two Working Memory Tasks Normed on a Large U.S. Sample of Children 2–7 Years Old

Cowan, N. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13562 · Cited by 11

Gender Differences in Toddlers’ Visual-Spatial Skills

Kotsopoulos, D., Zambrzycka, J., & Makosz, S. (2017) · Mathematical Thinking and Learning · doi:10.1080/10986065.2017.1328634 · Cited by 11

The Impact of Block Play on Young Children’s Production of Intrinsic Frame of Reference: A Quasi-Experiment

Zhang, L., Lian, P., Xue, Y., & Wu, N. (2022) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2022.2129945 · Cited by 10

Spatial language in families' conversational reflections about museum experiences

Polinsky, N., Pagano, L. C., Acosta, D. I., Haden, C. A., & Uttal, D. H. (2023) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101539 · Cited by 11

Mental rotation is supported by block play in boys and girls

Weber, A. M., Bobrowicz, K., Greiff, S., & Leuchter, M. (2024) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101630 · Cited by 10

Spatial Language of Young Children During Block Play in Kindergartens in Urban China

Yang, X., & Pan, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.568638 · Cited by 10

If Opportunity Knocks: Understanding Contextual Factors’ Influence on Cognitive Systems

Gornik, A. E., Jacobson, L. A., Kalb, L. G., & Pritchard, A. E. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01134-0 · Cited by 11

Early Developmental Activities and Computing Proficiency

Cutts, Q. I., Patitsas, E., Cole, E., Donaldson, P., Alshaigy, B., Gutica, M., Hellas, A., Larraza-Mendiluze, E., McCartney, R., & Riedesel, C. P. (2018) · doi:10.1145/3174781.3174789 · Cited by 11

A longitudinal study on pre-service teachers’ spatial thinking skills and spatial anxiety

ARIKAN, A. (2025) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2025.102101 · Cited by 9

Visuospatial perspective-taking in social-emotional development: enhancing young children’s mind and emotion understanding via block building training

Caldwell, M. P., Cheung, H., Cheung, S. K., Li, J., & Siu, T. S. C. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00976-5 · Cited by 11

In any way, shape, or form? Toddlers’ understanding of shapes

Zambrzycka, J., Kotsopoulos, D., Lee, J., & Makosz, S. (2017) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.12.002 · Cited by 9

Barbie princesses and Star Wars clones: gender stereotypes in the representation of children’s favourite heroes—a participant study in urban and rural contexts, among Hungarians from Romania

Kassay, R. (2018) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1508048 · Cited by 9

A Player-Centric Approach to Designing Spatial Skill Training Games

Wauck, H. C., Mekler, E. D., & Fu, W. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300296 · Cited by 9

Spatial training using game play in preschoolers improves computational skills

Newman, S. D., Loughery, E., Ecklund, A., Smothers, M., & Ongeri, J. (2021) · Mathematical Thinking and Learning · doi:10.1080/10986065.2021.1969866 · Cited by 8

One brick at a time: Building a developmental profile of spatial abilities

Ramirez, D. E. A., Blinch, J., & Gonzalez, C. L. R. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22155 · Cited by 8

My Daughter a STEM-career? ‘Rather not’ or ‘No problem’? A case study

Ardies, J., Dierickx, E., & Strydonck, C. V. (2021) · European Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.20897/ejsteme/11355 · Cited by 8

The Use of Educational Puzzle Games for the Development of Cognitive Abilities of Children Aged 5-6 Years

Nazilah, M. B., Rahmah, M. F., Aliza, N., & Salianty, S. (2022) · GENIUS Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education · doi:10.35719/gns.v3i2.102 · Cited by 8

From Play to Creativity: The Mediating Role of Self-regulation in Kindergarteners

Ghanamah, R. (2025) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-025-01867-1 · Cited by 9

Spatial Thinking in Primary Geography

Bednarz, S. W., Jo, İ., & Shin, E. E. (2022) · Key challenges in geography · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99970-4_9 · Cited by 8

Exploring women’s motivations to study computer science

Smith, S., Sobolewska, E., Bhardwaj, J., & Fabian, K. (2018) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2018.8658768 · Cited by 8

Overview of Visuospatial Processing for Education in Health and Natural Sciences

Castro-Alonso, J. C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20969-8_1 · Cited by 9

Learning to live in the spatial world: Experience-expectant and experience-dependent input

Newcombe, N. S. (2024) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2024.101166 · Cited by 7

Reimagining Science Learning in Early Childhood Through Storybook Reading

Haber, A. S., & Kumar, S. C. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15101361 · Cited by 9

Can Princesses Be Powerful? A Quasi-Experimental Study Examining Children’s Perceptions of Princesses and the Self

Dinella, L. M., Levinson, J. A., & Srouji, M. A. (2022) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2022.2124904 · Cited by 7

How children’s app play could facilitate spatial skill development.

Polinsky, N., Flynn, R. M., & Uttal, D. H. (2023) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000360 · Cited by 7

Investigating associations between parent engagement and toddlers' mathematics performance

Silver, A. M., Swirbul, M. S., Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S., Cabrera, N., & Libertus, M. E. (2023) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12459 · Cited by 7

Exploring computational thinking, executive functions, visuospatial skills and experiences with toys in early childhood: Protocol for a controlled trial

Robledo-Castro, C., Mejía, C. V., & Chiu, J. L. (2024) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2024.103145 · Cited by 7

The underpinnings of gendered parenting: The role of social dominance orientation, gender essentialism, and gender ideology

Kislev, N., Reifen‐Tagar, M., Joel, D., & Saguy, T. (2025) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302251320358 · Cited by 7

Fiber Arts Require Spatial Skills: How a Stereotypically Feminine Practice Can Help Us Understand Spatial Skills and Improve Spatial Learning

Bennett-Pierre, G., & Gunderson, E. A. (2022) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-022-01340-y · Cited by 10

Individual differences in visualization and childhood play preferences

Blazhenkova, O., & Booth, R. W. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03953 · Cited by 7

Teachers’ perceptions of early math concepts learned from unit blocks: A cross-cultural comparison

Hsieh, W., & McCollum, J. A. (2018) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2018.1423562 · Cited by 7

Effects of Gender and Age on Learning Spatial Concepts from a Virtual Reality Game

Hong, J., Hwang, M., Tai, K., & Tsai, C.-R. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering · doi:10.1109/tale.2018.8615402 · Cited by 7

How to Improve Spatial and Numerical Cognition with a Game-Based and Technology-Enhanced Learning Approach

Ponticorvo, M., Schembri, M., & Miglino, O. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19591-5_4 · Cited by 7

Hierarchical Development of Early Visual-Spatial Abilities – A Taxonomy Based Assessment Using the MaGrid App

Jung, S., Meinhardt, A., Braeuning, D., Roesch, S., Cornu, V., Pazouki, T., Schiltz, C., Lonnemann, J., & Moeller, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00871 · Cited by 7

Natural Variability in Parent-Child Puzzle Play at Home

Pochinki, N., Reis, D., Casasola, M., Oakes, L. M., & LoBue, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733895 · Cited by 7

The potential for spatial ability development through the Swedish technology and craft compulsory curricula

Lin, T. J., Buckley, J., Gumaelius, L., & Ampadu, E. (2024) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-024-09958-7 · Cited by 6

Optimizing the Development of Space-Temporal Orientation in Physical Education and Sports Lessons for Students Aged 8–11 Years

Bălănean, D., Negrea, C., Bota, E., Petracovschi, S. A., & Almăjan-Guţă, B. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9091299 · Cited by 6

Direct and indirect effects of mother's spatial ability on child's spatial ability: What role does the home environment play?

Garcia, N. L., Dick, A. S., Hayes, T., & Pruden, S. M. (2024) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13480 · Cited by 6

Early Elementary Students’ Use of Shape and Location Schemas When Embedding and Disembedding

Bofferding, L., Chen, L., Kocabas, S., & Aqazade, M. (2022) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci12020083 · Cited by 6

The Impact of School Closures during COVID-19 Lockdown on Visual–Motor Integration and Block Design Performance: A Comparison of Two Cohorts of Preschool Children

Hairol, M. I., Ahmad, M., Zihni, M. A. M., Saidon, N. F. S., Nordin, N., & Kadar, M. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10060930 · Cited by 6

How Much as Compared to What: Relative Magnitude as a Key Idea in Mathematics Cognition

Jirout, J. J., & Newcombe, N. S. (2018) · Research in mathematics education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98767-5_1 · Cited by 6

The development of 3- to 6-year-olds’ symbolic representation ability in a block construction activity

Tian, M., & Luo, T. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1656619 · Cited by 6

Training and assessing numerical abilities across the lifespan with intelligent systems: The example of Baldo

Ponticorvo, M., Schembri, M., & Miglino, O. (2021) · Expert Systems · doi:10.1111/exsy.12817 · Cited by 6

Informal STEM learning: Examples from everyday spatial behaviors

Yang, Y., Conde, S., Lasc, D., Hershkovich, A., & Grove, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1117771 · Cited by 6

Partition dependence in development: Are children’s decisions shaped by the arbitrary grouping of options?

Reichelson, S., Zax, A., Patalano, A. L., & Barth, H. C. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021818777720 · Cited by 6

Parental Ethnic Identity and Child Development

Campbell, S., Nuevo‐Chiquero, A., Popli, G. K., & Ratcliffe, A. (2019) · Fiscal Studies · doi:10.1111/1475-5890.12236 · Cited by 6

The Development of Spatial Representation Through Teaching Block-Building in Kindergartners

Cai, L., Luo, J., Zhang, H., & Ying, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565723 · Cited by 6

Looking Ahead: Advancing Measurement and Analysis of the Block Design Test Using Technology and Artificial Intelligence

McKee, K., Doyle, D. R., Young, S. R., & Uttal, D. H. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12060053 · Cited by 5

Sex differences in visuospatial cognition- a female advantage in jigsaw puzzle solving

Ramirez, D. E. A., Blinch, J., Robertson, K., Opdenaker, J., & Gonzalez, C. L. R. (2024) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-024-06845-4 · Cited by 5

Father, mother, and toddler spatial talk in a favorite activity: Associations with gender, dominant language, and activity choice

Swirbul, M. S., Silver, A. M., Libertus, M. E., & Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S. (2025) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2025.101586 · Cited by 5

Enhancing preschoolers’ map literacy through eye-tracking analysis: investigating the effects of symbol recognition and spatial reasoning instruction

Hsieh, C. (2025) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2025.2555881 · Cited by 5

Enhancing Visuospatial Working Memory and Motor Skills Through School-Based Coordination Training

Forte, P., Pugliese, E., Aquino, G., Matrisciano, C., Carlevaro, F., Magno, F., Magistro, D., & D’Anna, C. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13110396 · Cited by 5

EXAMINING THE TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL SPATIAL VISUALIZATION SKILLS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Sütçü, N. D. (2021) · Milli Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.37669/milliegitim.737639 · Cited by 5

Luka płci w edukacji. Wpływ społeczeństwa, ekonomii i kultury na wybory edukacyjne kobiet i mężczyzn

Zawistowska, A. (2023) · doi:10.47050/67587051 · Cited by 6

Mother-child synchrony is high across child executive function levels for both physical and digital spatial play

Jirout, J. J., Eisen, S., Robertson, Z. S., & Evans, T. M. (2022) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2022.100183 · Cited by 8

Harnessing Early Spatial Learning Using Technological and Traditional Tools at Home

Lee, J., Ho, A., & Wood, E. (2018) · Mathematics education in the digital era · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72381-5_11 · Cited by 5

Spatial Thinking: a powerful tool for educators to empower youth, improve society, and change the world

Bednarz, S. W. (2018) · Boletim Paulista de Geografia · Cited by 5

Title IX and the spatial content of female employment—Out of the lab and into the labor market

Baker, M., & Cornelson, K. (2019) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.04.004 · Cited by 5

Neurocognitive Evidence for Different Problem-Solving Processes between Engineering and Liberal Arts Students

Liu, Y., & Liang, C. (2020) · International Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.17583/ijep.2020.3940 · Cited by 5

Spatial Hand Actions: Exploring the Hand Actions used to Represent Spatial Thinking for 3D Assembling Tasks

Rawat, P. S., & Machuca, M. D. B. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713424 · Cited by 4

Right frontal HD-tDCS reveals causal involvement of time perception networks in temporal processing of concepts

Johari, K., Tabari, F., & Desai, R. H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43416-z · Cited by 4

Spatial Learning and Play with Technology: How Parental Spatial Talk Differs Across Contexts

Lee, J., Hodgins, S., & Wood, E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12895-1_3 · Cited by 4

Past and present: Improving early childhood visual spatial abilities through traditional game cengkling

Saputra, N. E., & Ekawati, Y. N. (2021) · Humanitas Indonesian Psychological Journal · doi:10.26555/humanitas.v18i1.16854 · Cited by 4

Problem Solving by Agricultural Extension Students with Various Levels of Creativity through a Neurocognitive Lens

Liang, C. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142416371 · Cited by 6

A Study on the Comparison of Geometrical-Mechanical Intelligence Games Activities that are Conducted with Concrete Materials and in Computer Environment

Sütçü, N. D. (2020) · Participatory Educational Research · doi:10.17275/per.21.37.8.2 · Cited by 4

Designing equitable STEM education: Guidelines for parents, educators and policy-makers to reduce gender/racial achievement gaps

Reilly, D., & Hurem, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.13013-1 · Cited by 4

Construction play frequency and relations with spatial ability and mathematics performance

McDougal, E., Gilligan-Lee, K. A., Gilmore, C. K., & Farran, E. K. (2023) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12465 · Cited by 3

A long-term prospective cross-lagged study of gender-typed play and mental transformation in children

Wong, W. I., Shi, S. Y., Li, G., & Ng, P. H. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14211 · Cited by 3

A strength-based approach to exploring pre-school children’s spatial language and patterning skills

Harris, D., Resnick, I., & Lowrie, T. J. (2025) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102180 · Cited by 3

The language of folding: increasing spatial language and decreasing mathematics anxiety through origami

Ridgley, L. M., Geary, D. C., Li, Y., Myers, P. L., Ottinger, R., Silvaggio, D. N., Ünal, Z. E., & Popov, V. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1613317 · Cited by 3

Male? Female? Neutral! Using novel polyhedral figures as gender-neutral stimuli in a mental-rotation test

Ruthsatz, V., Saunders, M., Lennon-Maslin, M., & Quaiser-Pohl, C. M. (2025) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2025.102210 · Cited by 3

Spatial visualization skills present in items of the Brazilian high school national exam

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