Distinguishing prehistoric human influence on late-Holocene forests in southern Ontario, Canada

Munoz, Samuel E.; Gajewski, Konrad

doi:10.1177/0959683610362815

Cited by 73Archaeology and ancient environmental studiesSoil and Environmental StudiesGeology and Paleoclimatology Research

Distinguishing prehistoric human influence on late-Holocene forests in southern Ontario, Canada

Munoz, Samuel E., Gajewski, Konrad·2010·The Holocene

DOI 10.1177/0959683610362815

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Abstract

The influence of Native Americans on late-Holocene forests of North America remains a contentious issue, as it is unclear whether vegetation transitions inferred from pollen records are a product of prehistoric human disturbance. In southern Ontario, the adoption of maize agriculture coincides with neoglacial cooling, so distinguishing the relative roles of prehistoric people and climatic change in shaping forest composition requires that pollen records be interpreted in a regional context. In this study, we objectively identify pollen records from the southern Ontario region which exhibit periods of significant pre-European anthropogenic disturbance in the context of the archeological record. This enables a comparison of pollen records shaped primarily by climatic cooling with those disturbed by prehistoric human forest clearance. Our results suggest that regional-scale late-Holocene cooling resulted in a gradual and synchronous shift from deciduous to boreal taxa. However, forest clearance by Native Americans resulted in a secondary succession characterized by the replacement of late-successional beech-maple forest with ruderal species, grasses and poplar, followed by mid-successional oak and white pine. This transition consistently coincides in space and time with an increase in archeological records of human occupation. The method we have developed here to distinguish significant prehistoric human impacts could be applied to pollen records in other regions, or on a continental scale.

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In less densely populated regions, agricultural productivity was generally much lower, as in the pre- and postcolonial Americas, Australia, and New Zealand.
“In less densely populated regions, agricultural productivity was generally much lower, as in the pre- and postcolonial Americas, Australia, and New Zealand (44, 45, 74).”
From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [74]
Widespread agricultural land use by the mid-Holocene is evidenced by altered fire regimes that may have transformed vegetation structure and species composition across many regions, with woodland ecosystems from the Mediterranean to the Tropics increasingly recognized as bio-cultural legacies of long histories of prior human use.
“Widespread agricultural land use by mid-Holocene is further evidenced by altered fire regimes that may have transformed vegetation structure and species composition across many regions, with woodland ecosystems from the Mediterranean to the Tropics increasingly recognized as the bio-cultural legacies of long histories of prior human use (50, 74, 78–84).”
From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [74]
The paleohistory of anthropogenic change across much of the Americas is especially unclear and controversial and may be exceptional compared with other continents.
“The paleohistory of anthropogenic change across much of the Americas is especially unclear and controversial (e.g., refs. 74, 82, and 125) and may be exceptional compared with other continents.”
From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [74]

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Outstanding achievement; a few points require further clarification and improved presentation
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Authors: Munoz, S. E., & Gajewski, K.
Affiliations: University of Ottawa, Canada,
University of Ottawa (CA)
ORCID: Gajewski, Konrad
Venue: The Holocene
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2010-04-19
Volume: 20
Issue: 6
Pages: 967-981
ISSN: 0959-6836 (ISSN-L)
1477-0911
DOI: 10.1177/0959683610362815
OpenAlex: W2159189164
Cited by: 73
References: 121
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 3.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Holocene (publishedVersion)
Funders: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil and Environmental Studies
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Keywords: pollen record, human disturbance, maize agriculture, Neoglacial cooling, secondary succession, beech-maple forest, ruderal species, southern Ontario, paleoclimate

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Distinguishing prehistoric human influence on late-Holocene forests in southern Ontario, Canada

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