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Cited by 305Archaeology and ancient environmental studiesEurasian Exchange NetworksAncient and Medieval Archaeology Studies

Between China and South Asia: A Middle Asian corridor of crop dispersal and agricultural innovation in the Bronze Age

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Stevens, Chris J, Murphy, Charlene, Roberts, Rebecca, Lucas, Leilani, Silva, Fabio, Fuller, Dorian Q·2016·The Holocene
DOI 10.1177/0959683616650268PMC PMC5125436
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Abstract

The period from the late third millennium BC to the start of the first millennium AD witnesses the first steps towards food globalization in which a significant number of important crops and animals, independently domesticated within China, India, Africa and West Asia, traversed Central Asia greatly increasing Eurasian agricultural diversity. This paper utilizes an archaeobotanical database (AsCAD), to explore evidence for these crop translocations along southern and northern routes of interaction between east and west. To begin, crop translocations from the Near East across India and Central Asia are examined for wheat ( Triticum aestivum) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare) from the eighth to the second millennia BC when they reach China. The case of pulses and flax ( Linum usitatissimum) that only complete this journey in Han times (206 BC–AD 220), often never fully adopted, is also addressed. The discussion then turns to the Chinese millets, Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica, peaches ( Amygdalus persica) and apricots ( Armeniaca vulgaris), tracing their movement from the fifth millennium to the second millennium BC when the Panicum miliaceum reaches Europe and Setaria italica Northern India, with peaches and apricots present in Kashmir and Swat. Finally, the translocation of japonica rice from China to India that gave rise to indica rice is considered, possibly dating to the second millennium BC. The routes these crops travelled include those to the north via the Inner Asia Mountain Corridor, across Middle Asia, where there is good evidence for wheat, barley and the Chinese millets. The case for japonica rice, apricots and peaches is less clear, and the northern route is contrasted with that through northeast India, Tibet and west China. Not all these journeys were synchronous, and this paper highlights the selective long-distance transport of crops as an alternative to demic-diffusion of farmers with a defined crop package.

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  • The cultivation of Chinese millets intensified after ∼1000 BCE.

    “and intensified after ∼1000 BCE (110, 111)”

    From The biocultural origins and dispersal of domestic chickens (2022) · cites this paper as [110]

    The ‘Millets go west’ sections describe the spread of Chinese millets and increasing evidence for foxtail millet after 2000 BC, but do not say cultivation intensified after approximately 1000 BC. Searches for ‘1000 BC’ and ‘intensified’ found no passage establishing that timing. (LLM, conf=0.72)

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Authors
Stevens, C. J., Murphy, C., Roberts, R., Lucas, L., Silva, F., & Fuller, D. Q.
Affiliations
  • University College London (GB)
  • Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK
Corresponding author
Stevens, Chris J
ORCID
Venue
The Holocene
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2016-07-28
Volume
26
Issue
10
Pages
1541-1555
ISSN
  • 0959-6836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1477-0911
DOI
10.1177/0959683616650268
PMC
PMC5125436
OpenAlex
W2414902507
Cited by
303
References
131
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 1
FWCI
19.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Holocene (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University) (acceptedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Apollo
Funders
  • Peking University
  • Natural Environment Research Council (NE/K003402/1, NE/N010957/1)
  • FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (323842)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Eurasian Exchange Networks
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
Keywords
crop dispersal, agricultural innovation, Bronze Age, food globalization, wheat, barley, Panicum miliaceum, foxtail millet, peach, apricot, flax, pulses, Oryza sativa subsp. japonica, Indica rice, Middle Asia, demic diffusion, archaeobotany

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