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Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and/or mid-quartile range
Open accessAbstract
The era of big data is coming, and evidence-based medicine is attracting increasing attention to improve decision making in medical practice via integrating evidence from well designed and conducted clinical research. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique widely used in evidence-based medicine for analytically combining the findings from independent clinical trials to provide an overall estimation of a treatment effectiveness. The sample mean and standard deviation are two commonly used statistics in meta-analysis but some trials use the median, the minimum and maximum values, or sometimes the first and third quartiles to report the results. Thus, to pool results in a consistent format, researchers need to transform those information back to the sample mean and standard deviation. In this article, we investigate the optimal estimation of the sample mean for meta-analysis from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. A major drawback in the literature is that the sample size, needless to say its importance, is either ignored or used in a stepwise but somewhat arbitrary manner, e.g. the famous method proposed by Hozo et al. We solve this issue by incorporating the sample size in a smoothly changing weight in the estimators to reach the optimal estimation. Our proposed estimators not only improve the existing ones significantly but also share the same virtue of the simplicity. The real data application indicates that our proposed estimators are capable to serve as "rules of thumb" and will be widely applied in evidence-based medicine.
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“When studies reported a median and interquartile range, we estimated the mean and standard deviation (SD) using conventional formulae (Luo et al., 2018;Wan et al., 2014).When both of these were absent, we estimated the standard deviation using prognostic imputation (Ma et al., 2008).”
From Decision making capacity for treatment in psychiatric inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Luo et al., 2018
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Mohamed, M. F. H., Marino, D., Elfert, K., Beran, A., Nayfeh, T., Abdallah, M. A., Sultan, S., & Shah, S. A. (2023) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000002595 · Cited by 24
Kim, D. K., Lee, J. Y., Jung, J. H., Kim, J. H., Hah, Y. S., Hong, C. H., & Cho, K. S. (2019) · International Neurourology Journal · doi:10.5213/inj.1836188.094 · Cited by 24
“The authors in the present study subsequently calculated the mean and SD values using a known statistical method [13,14].”
MethodLiu, F., Li, J., Li, X., Yang, Z., Wang, W., Zhao, L., Wu, T., Huang, C., & Xu, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1405770 · Cited by 22
“In addition, we converted the continuous variables in the study uniformly to mean ± standard deviation by means of mathematical methods which have been proved (22).”
MethodPutaggio, A., Tigano, S., Caruso, A., Via, L. L., & Sanfilippo, F. (2023) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2023.08.001 · Cited by 23
Xian‐Yu, C., Xu, J., Ma, Y.-T., Deng, N., Tao, Y., Li, H., Gao, T., Yang, J.-Y., & Zhang, C. (2023) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2023.2246996 · Cited by 23
Felix, N. S., Nogueira, P. C., Mamede, I., Costa, T. A., Jorge, C. A. C., Stecca, C., & Lópes, R. D. (2024) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2024.04.007 · Cited by 29
Likhvantsev, V. V., Бондоевич, Б. Л., Smirnova, A. V., Polyakov, P. A., Yadgarov, M. Y., Gracheva, N. D., Romanova, O. E., Abramova, I., Shemetova, M. M., & Kuzovlev, A. N. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1386669 · Cited by 23
Kang, M. J., Grewal, J. K., Eratne, D., Malpas, C. B., Chiu, W.-H. M., Katisko, K., Solje, E., Santillo, A. F., Mitchell, P. B., Hopwood, M., et al. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.11.001 · Cited by 23
“…to Cochrane Handbook guidelines (28): 1) median, interquartile ranges and minimum/maximum values were converted using an estimation formula (29,30), 2) mean and SD of subgroups (i.e. male and female) were combined using Cochrane’s formula (31), and 3) studies that only presented the…”
Methodde Kort, J. F., Mandigers, T. J., Bissacco, D., Domanin, M., Piffaretti, G., Twine, C. P., Wanhainen, A., van Herwaarden, J. A., Trimarchi, S., & Vincentiis, C. D. (2024) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2024.10.049 · Cited by 23
Pan, Y., Fan, F., Jiang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-025-02058-9 · Cited by 23
The treatment modalities of masticatory muscle pain a network meta-analysis
Feng, J., Luo, M., Ma, J., Tian, Y., Han, X., & Bai, D. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000017934 · Cited by 23
“Medians and quartiles were transformed into means and standard deviation by Luo method.([26]) A standardized form was used to display the characteristics of studies, including items of gender, age, intervention, sample size, outcome measurement, follow-up period, and drop-out.”
MethodWoldendorp, K., Doyle, M., Bannon, P. G., Misfeld, M., Yan, T. D., Santarpino, G., Berretta, P., Eusanio, M. D., Meuris, B., Cerillo, A. G., et al. (2020) · Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery · doi:10.21037/acs-2020-surd-17 · Cited by 23
“Data transformation was completed using established statistical methods when studies presented it as either median and range (16), or median and interquartile range (IQR) (17,18).”
MethodSolís-Pazmiño, P., Baiu, I., Lincango-Naranjo, E. P., Trope, W., Prokop, L. J., Ponce, O. J., & Shrager, J. B. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012153 · Cited by 23
“To perform this analysis and to create the forest plots, we used the statistical program R Studio, an integrated development environment for R.35 To ease interpretation and comparability of patient characteristics before and after surgery, we converted medians to means and ranges or interquartile ranges to SDs.36”
MethodHuang, H.-T., Huang, T., & Hong, C. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10111205 · Cited by 23
“The standard deviation was calculated using the provided confidence interval (CI) limits, standard errors, or interquartile ranges, where appropriate [15,16].”
MethodMonteiro, M. S., Muro, B. B. D., Poor, A. P., Leal, D. F., Carnevale, R. F., Shiroma, M. P., Almond, G. W., Garbossa, C. A. P., Moreno, A. M., & Viana, C. H. C. (2021) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.12.010 · Cited by 23
Li, J., Zhou, K., Duan, H., Yue, P., Zheng, X., Liu, L., Liao, H., Wu, J., Li, J., Hua, Y., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263215 · Cited by 23
Song, S., Jin, H., Cheng, Q., Gong, S., Lv, K., Lei, T., Tian, H., Li, X., Lei, C., Yang, W., et al. (2022) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-022-09181-2 · Cited by 23
“Also, the medians with their ranges were converted into sample means and standard deviations to keep the data consistent for meta-analyses [25, 26].”
MethodRoca-Rodríguez, M. D. M., Ramos‐García, P., López‐Tinoco, C., & Aguilar‐Diosdado, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11092433 · Cited by 25
Rahmani, A., Dini, G., Leso, V., Montecucco, A., Vitturi, B. K., Iavicoli, I., & Durando, P. (2022) · La Medicina del Lavoro · doi:10.23749/mdl.v113i2.12724 · Cited by 23
“Forest plots were produced to represent all studies based on the effect size and 95% CI; if not reported, means and Standard Deviations (SD) were derived from sample size, median, Interquartile Range (IQR), minimum, and maximum values: data were checked for skewness from normality [27], and only if data were detected…”
MethodLi, L., Xie, H., Wang, L., Zhang, A., Mou, X., Lin, Y., Ma, H., Wang, Y., Li, J., Gao, J., et al. (2022) · Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13020-022-00600-z · Cited by 25
“In which, when the data was reported as ‘media, IQR’, it was converted into ‘mean ± SD’ through mathematical methods [33, 34] and included it in the meta-analysis; Virological outcome refers to the time of novel coronavirus nucleic acid changes from positive to negative after the treatment; Chest CT images improvement…”
MethodChen, L., Niu, X., Wang, Y., Lv, S., Zhou, X., Yang, Z., & Peng, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.942629 · Cited by 26
Cytokines and chemokines profile in encephalitis patients: A meta-analysis
Khaboushan, A. S., Pahlevan‐Fallahy, M., Shobeiri, P., Teixeira, A. L., & Rezaei, N. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273920 · Cited by 26
Kamel, A. M., Sabry, N. A., & Farid, S. F. (2022) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-022-02845-w · Cited by 26
“For studies that reported median and interquartile range (IQR), the mean and standard deviation were estimated using the formulas suggested by Luo and Wan, respectively [21, 22], which are available using an online free calculator (https:// www.”
MethodQi, X., Chiavaroli, L., Lee, D., Ayoub‐Charette, S., Khan, T. A., Au‐Yeung, F., Ahmed, A., Cheung, A., Liu, Q., Mejía, S. B., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14193986 · Cited by 25
“When median data was provided, they were converted to mean data with corresponding variances using methods developed by Luo et al. (2018) [22] and Wan et al. (2014) [23].”
MethodEsparham, A., Shoar, S., Kheradmand, H. R., Ahmadyar, S., Dalili, A., Rezapanah, A., Zandbaf, T., & Khorgami, Z. (2022) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-022-06396-z · Cited by 23
Xu, B., Wang, S., Tan, J., Chen, W., & Tang, K. (2023) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/23259671221127665 · Cited by 23
“Dichotomous data were analyzed using risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs, and continuous variables were analyzed using mean differences (MDs) and 95% CIs (if an RCT provided median values, then the P value, interquartile range, and mean ± SD would be calculated according to corresponding statistical methods).(22,37) Accepta…”
MethodSystematic Review of Endocan as a Potential Biomarker of COVID-19
Khalaji, A., Amirkhani, N., Sharifkashani, S., Peiman, S., & Behnoush, A. H. (2023) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/00033197231152941 · Cited by 23
“First, some studies reported endocan levels with median and range which made it impossible for us to convert them to mean and SD, due to high skewness and unavailability of methods suggested by Luo et al and Wan et al. 45,46 Accordingly, we were unable to perform meta-analyses comparing endocan levels between patients…”
MethodHuang, Y., Luo, C., Wu, G., Huang, X., Ding, Y., Huang, Z. K., Chen, J., Li, X., & Xu, S. (2022) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/s41409-023-01932-6 · Cited by 24
“Time to neutrophil engraftment 2 studies [11, 33] provided sufficient information on neutrophil engraftment that we can estimate the means and standard deviations (SD) from the given sample sizes, medians, and ranges [19, 20].”
BackgroundFu, M.-Y., Hao, J., Ye, L.-H., Jiang, W., Lv, Y.-W., Shen, J., & Fu, T. (2023) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s402931 · Cited by 23
“diclofenac Na when NRS > 4 (3)(12) (13) (19)”
BackgroundInfluentialEfficacy and safety of bromelain: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Leelakanok, N., Petchsomrit, A., Janurai, T., Saechan, C., & Sunsandee, N. (2023) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060231173732 · Cited by 23
Wu, M., Zhu, Q., Huang, Y., Tang, W., Dai, J., Guo, Y., Xiong, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, S., Wu, M., et al. (2023) · Human Reproduction Open · doi:10.1093/hropen/hoad024 · Cited by 23
“If mean or SD values were unavailable and the median, SEM, range, and 95% CI were reported; we estimated the mean and SD using the formulas suggested for meta-analysis to pool data (Wan et al., 2014; Luo et al., 2018).”
MethodXu, H., Yang, S., Xing, J., Wang, Y., Sun, W., Rong, L., & liu, H. (2023) · BMC Surgery · doi:10.1186/s12893-023-02108-1 · Cited by 28
“If the format of the measure is not mean and standard deviation, manual calculation into mean (standard deviation) was used if it is the mean (95% CI), and calculation software is applied if it is the median [51, 52].”
MethodRisk factors for recurrent common bile duct stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wen, N., Wang, Y., Cai, Y., Nie, G., Yang, S., Wang, S., Xiong, X., Li, B., Lu, J., & Cheng, N. (2023) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2023.2242784 · Cited by 23
“For studies reporting median with range, sample mean and standard deviation were estimated via previously reported methods [12,13].”
MethodDavies, M. D., Hughes, F., Sandoo, A., Alejmi, A., & Macdonald, J. H. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00152.2023 · Cited by 27
Rajan, K., Khalifa, A., Geraghty, R. M., Parmar, K. M., KandaSwamy, G. V., Rivas, J. G., Somani, B. K., & Rai, B. P. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15204926 · Cited by 23
Li, Y., Tang, Y., Lin, T., & Song, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277017 · Cited by 23
“The mean and standard deviation were estimated based on data reported as median (interquartile or full range) (13, 14).”
MethodChen, Y., Yang, C., Nie, K., Huang, J., Qu, Y., & Wang, T. (2024) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07220-8 · Cited by 23
“When medians were reported, they were transferred into means and standard deviations (SDs) [29, 30].”
Abdelhakim, A. M., Samy, A., & Abbas, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.07.007 · Cited by 23
Liu, R.-N. G., Cheng, Q., Zhou, H., Li, B., & Dong-qing, Y. (2019) · Immunological Investigations · doi:10.1080/08820139.2019.1624769 · Cited by 23
Sun, J., Zhang, D., Xu, J., Chen, C., Deng, D., Pan, F., Dong, L., Li, S., & Ye, S. (2020) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-020-01365-w · Cited by 23
Song, T., Chen, S., Zhao, H., Wang, F., Song, H., Tian, D., Yang, Q., & Qi, L. (2021) · Hepatology Research · doi:10.1111/hepr.13645 · Cited by 23
“In this case, the original data were converted to calculate the mean and standard deviation.(14,15) The change with the baseline standard”
MethodOutcomes of Saphenous Vein Intervention in the Management of Superficial Venous Incompetence
Gasior, S. A., O’Donnell, J. P. M., Aherne, T. M., Jalali, A., Tang, T. Y., Ryan, É. J., & Walsh, S. R. (2021) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000004914 · Cited by 23
“Estimates of mean and standard deviations were calculated using standard statistical methods, where applicable.(15,16) Rank probabilities were plotted against the possible ranks for all competing treatments.”
MethodBehnoush, A. H., Khalaji, A., Khanmohammadi, S., Alehossein, P., Saeedian, B., Shobeiri, P., Teixeira, A. L., & Rezaei, N. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296103 · Cited by 24
Effect of honey on cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ahmed, A., Tul‐Noor, Z., Lee, D., Bajwah, S., Ahmed, Z., Zafar, S., Syeda, M., Jamil, F., Qureshi, F. A., Zia, F., et al. (2022) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac086 · Cited by 22
Elcioglu, Z. C., Errington, L., Metes, B., Sendama, W., Powell, J., Simpson, A. J., Rostron, A., & Hellyer, T. P. (2023) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08845-1 · Cited by 22
“Median values, inter-quartile ranges and sample size were used to estimate the sample mean and SD [24, 25].”
MethodMilani, G. P., Alberti, I., Abodi, M., Lakoumentas, J., Konstantinou, G. Ν., Papadopoulos, N. G., Pop, R. M., Bocșan, I. C., Cassimos, D. C., Kull, I., et al. (2024) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.15997 · Cited by 22
“…deviation (e.g., studies providing re-sults as non-parametric summary statistics), data were imputed according to the strategies proposed by Luo et al. 17 and by Shi et al. 18 Statistical heterogeneity was measured by τ 2 (tau squared) and the “SJ” algorithm, I 2 (I squared) and Cochrane's Q test.”
Yang, W.-C., Chitale, R., O’Callaghan, K. M., Sudfeld, C. R., & Smith, E. R. (2024) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae065 · Cited by 22
“21,22 In the event of trials with no events in either the control or intervention arm, we used a continuity correction by adding 0.5 to all cells.”
MethodInfluentialPimentel, T., Queiroz, I., Ruelas, M. G., de Mesquita, C. F., Defante, M. L. R., Roy, M., & Loftus, T. J. (2025) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2025.109149 · Cited by 22
Ren, X., Hua, H., Wu, Y., Zhang, W., Long, X., Bai, Y., & Cheng, N. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-09807-0 · Cited by 30
“When continuous variables in the study were reported as median with interquartile range, we calculated the mean ± standard deviation (M ± SD) through the validated mathematical method 11,12 .”
Boushehri, Y. G., Meymanatabadi, Z., Tanha, A. E., Azami, P., Alaei, M., Alamdari, A. A., Momtazi, H., Moezzi, N. D., Habibzadeh, A., & Khanmohammadi, S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324483 · Cited by 22
“The methods proposed by Wan et al. [14] and Luo et al. [15] were used to convert median and interquartile range values into means and SDs.”
Plasma Phosphorylated Tau 217 and Amyloid Burden in Older Adults Without Cognitive Impairment
Malek‐Ahmadi, M. H., Sharma, S., Stipho, F., Denkinger, M. N., Singh, A., Brum, W. S., & Ashton, N. J. (2025) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.4721 · Cited by 24
Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Ji, Z., Yang, P., & Tian, Y. (2021) · World Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1186/s12957-021-02127-3 · Cited by 22
“The conversion to means of variables was roughly calculated using medians combined with interquartile range (IQR) according to Luo’s methods [35].”
MethodMariani, S., Napp, L. C., Kraaier, K., Li, T., Bounader, K., Hanke, J. S., Doğan, G., Schmitto, J. D., & Lorusso, R. (2021) · Artificial Organs · doi:10.1111/aor.13945 · Cited by 22
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Mou, Z., Guan, T., & Chen, L. (2021) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/08850666211003485 · Cited by 22
Heart rate variability in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Oyelade, T., Canciani, G., Carbone, G., Alqahtani, J. S., Moore, K. P., & Mani, A. R. (2021) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/abf888 · Cited by 22
Lv, T., Liu, F., Hu, H., Regmi, P., Ma, W., Yang, Q., Jin, Y., & Li, F.-Y. (2021) · European Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2021.11.131 · Cited by 22
Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Plaza‐Manzano, G., Sánchez-Infante, J., Gómez-Chiguano, G. F., Cleland, J. A., Arias‐Buría, J. L., & Navarro‐Santana, M. J. (2021) · Acupuncture in Medicine · doi:10.1177/09645284211056346 · Cited by 22
Anitua, E., Tierno, R., & Alkhraisat, M. H. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.01.029 · Cited by 23
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Chorath, K. T., Hobday, S. B., Suresh, N. V., Go, B., Moreira, A. G., & Rajasekaran, K. (2022) · World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1002/wjo2.58 · Cited by 22
“If any outcomes were reported as median and interquartile range, we converted them into mean ± standard deviation per Luo et al.(19) If details about patient population, protocol, or relevant findings were not provided in the manuscript, we emailed the corresponding authors of the studies to retrieve this information.”
MethodMa, Y., Brettschneider, J. A., & Collingwood, J. F. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10071713 · Cited by 24
“Wan [38,39] was used to estimate the average and standard deviation to align the datasets to enable a meta-analysis.”
BackgroundMethodYang, W.-C., Fogel, A., Lauria, M. E., Ferguson, K., & Smith, E. R. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-057092g · Cited by 22
Wu, Z., Luo, Z.-H., Hu, L.-C., & Luo, Y. (2022) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i31.11454 · Cited by 22
The kynurenine pathway in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of central and peripheral levels
Fernandes, B. S., Inam, M. E., Enduru, N., Quevedo, J., & Zhao, Z. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2962 · Cited by 24
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Self-citationDipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors have anti-inflammatory effects in patients with type 2 diabetes
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“[18].”
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The Clinical Effects of Abdominal Binder on Abdominal Surgery: A Meta-analysis
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Effects of ACEI and ARB on COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis
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“We transformed the data in quartile form into mean ± SD form according to Luo et al. (30) and Wan et al. (31).”
MethodBurden of Childhood Cancer and the Social and Economic Challenges in Adulthood
Hernádfői, M., Koch, D. K., Kói, T., Imrei, M., Nagy, R., Máté, V., Garai, R., Donnet, J., Balogh, J. S., Kovács, G., et al. (2024) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.0642 · Cited by 21
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“For studies utilizing median, range, and/or interquartile range, we employed the methodologies proposed by Wan et al. [17] and Luo et al. [18] to estimate the sample mean and SD.”
MethodHu, A., Lv, Z., Chen, G., Lin, Y., Zhu, X., Li, J., & Xiao-dong, Y. (2024) · Journal of Robotic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11701-024-02066-7 · Cited by 22
“The table of data transformation supplied by Luo and colleagues [14]. was employed to transform information from research that simply provided median, interquartile range (IQR) quartiles, or range to mean and standard deviation (SD); the quantile estimation and Box–Cox techniques described by…”
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“The majority utilized the updated version of the CFS (Likert scale 1–9, n = 6) 17,21,23,27–29 , however, five studies used the older scale from 2005 (Likert scale 1–7) 18,20,24–26 .”
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Hemodynamic Impact of the Trendelenburg Position: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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“In studies that did not report mean and standard deviation (SD) but provided the median and interquartile range (IQR) (especially in cost and length of stay (LOS) variables), these data were converted into mean and SD using techniques suggested by Luo et al. [24].”
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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Responsive Neurostimulation in Epilepsy
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Metadata
- Authors
- Luo, D., Wan, X., Liu, J., & Tong, T.
- Affiliations
- Hong Kong Baptist University (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Wan, Xiang
- Venue
- Statistical Methods in Medical Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-09-27
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1785-1805
- ISSN
- 0962-2802 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-0334
- OpenAlex
- W1534181333
- Cited by
- 4,066
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 789 · 2025: 833 · 2024: 700 · 2023: 601 · 2022: 462 · 2021: 379 · 2020: 188 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 34.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Statistical Methods in Medical Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Hong Kong Baptist University (FRG2/14-15/077, FRG1/14-15/084, FRG2/15-16/019)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Keywords
- sample mean estimation, meta-analysis, median, sample size, standard deviation estimation, optimal estimators, evidence-based medicine
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Sampling Studies, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Sample Size, Evidence-Based Medicine
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