The treatment modalities of masticatory muscle pain a network meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: Numerous treatment modalities have been attempted for masticatory muscle pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). To compare the treatment efficacy of more than 2 competing treatments, a network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted. Methods: This study was reported with reference to the extended Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses. Medline via Pubmed, Embase via OVID, and Cochrane Library Central were searched (up to February 11, 2019). Axis I protocol of Diagnostic Criteria or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD, RDC/TMD) were chosen as diagnostic standards. The PICOS (Problem/patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study design) method was used to screen trials under eligibility criteria. And the NMA was performed with mvmeta commands in Stata (StataCorp, Tex). Results: Of 766 studies searched, 12 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were finally included. Nineteen different therapies were found and further categorized into 9 treatment modalities. The general heterogeneity was not found among included trials. But predictive intervals (PrIs) were conspicuously wider than confidential intervals (CIs) of all pairwise comparisons, indicating that heterogeneity may exist between studies. Complementary therapy showed the greatest probability (42.7%) to be the best intervention. It also had the highest mean rank (2.3) in the rankogram and the biggest value of surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA, 84.1%). Conclusions: Based on the limited evidence of available trials, complementary therapy seemed to be slightly more effective than remaining treatment modalities for pain reduction in TMD patients with masticatory muscle pain. High-quality randomized controlled trials are expected to validate the findings.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There have been nine prior network meta-analyses of interventions for chronic temporomandibular disorder pain.
“There have been nine prior network meta-analyses (NMAs) of interventions for chronic TMD pain.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]”
From Management of chronic pain secondary to temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hutton, B., Salanti, G., Caldwell, D. M., Chaimani, A., Schmid, C. H., Cameron, C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Straus, S., Thorlund, K., Jansen, J. P., et al. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-2385 · Cited by 8,269 · see citing works
Schiffman, E., Ohrbach, R., Truelove, E., Look, J., Anderson, G., Goulet, J.-P., List, T., Svensson, P., Gonzalez, Y., Lobbezoo, F., et al. (2014) · Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache · doi:10.11607/jop.1151 · Cited by 4,567 · see citing works
Luo, D., Wan, X., Liu, J., & Tong, T. (2018) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280216669183 · Cited by 4,066 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Medians and quartiles were transformed into means and standard deviation by Luo method.([26]) A standardized form was used to display the characteristics of studies, including items of gender, age, intervention, sample size, outcome measurement, follow-up period, and drop-out.”
MethodGraphical tools for network meta-analysis in STATA
Chaimani, A., Higgins, J. P. T., Mavridis, D., Spyridonos, P., & Salanti, G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076654 · Cited by 2,473 · see citing works
Network meta-analysis: application and practice using Stata
Shim, S., Yoon, B.-H., Shin, I.-S., & Bae, J.-M. (2017) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2017047 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Quantifying the impact of between-study heterogeneity in multivariate meta-analyses
Jackson, D., White, I. R., & Riley, R. D. (2012) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5453 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Uncertainty in Treatment Rankings: Reanalysis of Network Meta-analyses of Randomized Trials
Trinquart, L., Attiche, N., Bafeta, A., Porcher, R., & Ravaud, P. (2016) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-2521 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Al‐Ani, Z., Gray, R. J. M., Davies, S., Sloan, P., & Glenny, A. (2005) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2005.69.11.tb04023.x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Touche, R. L., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Fernández‐Carnero, J., ESCALANTE, K., Angulo, S., Paris‐Alemany, A., & Cleland, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.01980.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Michelotti, A., Iodice, G., Vollaro, S., Steenks, M. H., & Farella, M. (2012) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2012.0018 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
A hands-on practical tutorial on performing meta-analysis with Stata
Chaimani, A., Mavridis, D., & Salanti, G. (2014) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/eb-2014-101967 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Tuncer, A. B., Ergun, N., Tuncer, A. H., & Karahan, S. (2013) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.10.006 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Efficacy of splint therapy for the management of temporomandibular disorders: a meta-analysis
Zhang, C., Wu, J., Deng, D., He, B.-Y., Tao, Y., Niu, Y., & Deng, M. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13059 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Häggman‐Henrikson, B., Alstergren, P. J., Davidson, T., Högestätt, E. D., Östlund, P., Tranæus, S. H., Vitols, S., & List, T. (2017) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.12539 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Different Substances and Dry-Needling Injections in Patients with Myofascial Pain and Headaches
Venâncio, R. D. A., Alencar, F. G. P., & Zamperini, C. A. (2008) · CRANIO® · doi:10.1179/crn.2008.014 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Evaluation of low-level laser therapy in patients with acute and chronic temporomandibular disorders
Salmos-Brito, J. A. L., de Menezes, R. F., Teixeira, C. E. C., Gonzaga, R. K. M., Rodrigues, B. H. M., Braz, R., Nogueira, R. V. B., & Gerbi, M. E. M. D. M. (2012) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-012-1065-8 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Dıraçoğlu, D., Vural, M., Karan, A., & Aksoy, C. (2012) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-2012-0338 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The effectiveness of splint therapy in patients with temporomandibular disorders
Ebrahim, S., Montoya, L., Busse, J. W., Carrasco‐Labra, A., & Guyatt, G. H. (2012) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2012.0289 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Schwendicke, F., Paris, S., & Tu, Y. (2014) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2014.10.004 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Persistent orofacial muscle pain
Benoliel, R., Svensson, P. J., Gm, H., Sirois, D. A., Zakrzewska, J. M., Oke‐Nwosu, J., Torres, S., Greenberg, M., Klasser, G. D., Katz, J., et al. (2011) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01790.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Kalamir, A., Bonello, R., Graham, P., Vitiello, A. L., & Pollard, H. (2012) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2011.09.004 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Maia, M. L. D. M., Ribeiro, M. A. G., Maia, L. G. M., Stuginski‐Barbosa, J., Costa, Y. M., Porporatti, A. L., Conti, P. C. R., & Bonjardim, L. R. (2012) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-012-1228-7 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Kalamir, A., Graham, P. L., Vitiello, A. L., Bonello, R., & Pollard, H. (2013) · Chiropractic & Manual Therapies · doi:10.1186/2045-709x-21-17 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Calibration and Reliability Study
Schmitter, M., Ohlmann, B., John, M. T., Hirsch, C., & Rammelsberg, P. (2005) · CRANIO® · doi:10.1179/crn.2005.030 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Paço, M., Peleteiro, B., Duarte, J. A., & Pinho, T. (2016) · Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache · doi:10.11607/ofph.1661 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Magri, L. V., Carvalho, V. A., Rodrigues, F. C. C., Bataglion, C., & Leite‐Panissi, C. R. A. (2017) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-016-2138-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Roldán-Barraza, C., Janko, S., Julio Villanueva, M., Araya, I., & Lauer, H. (2014) · Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache · doi:10.11607/ofph.1241 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Abrahamsen, R., Zachariae, R. H., & Svensson, P. J. (2009) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.01974.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Statistical approaches for conducting network meta‐analysis in drug development
Jones, B. C., Roger, J., Lane, P. W., Lawton, A., Fletcher, C., Cappelleri, J. C., Tate, H., Moneuse, P., & on behalf of PSI Health Technology Special Interest Group, E. S. S. (2011) · Pharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1002/pst.533 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chronic Frequent Headache in the General Population: Comorbidity and Quality of Life
Wiendels, N. J., van Haestregt, A., Neven, A. K., Spinhoven, P., Zitman, F., Assendelft, W. J., & Ferrari, M. D. (2006) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01211.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Kalamir, A., Pollard, H., Vitiello, A., & Bonello, R. (2010) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1179/106698110x12640740712374 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Fricton, J., Ouyang, W., Nixdorf, D. R., SCHIFFMAN, E. L., Velly, A. M., & Look, J. O. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Yekkalam, N., & Wänman, A. (2014) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016357.2013.860620 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Barbato, L., Kalemaj, Z., Buti, J., Baccini, M., Marca, M. L., Duvina, M., & Tonelli, P. (2015) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.2015.150363 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
DENTAL SPLINT PRESCRIPTION PATTERNS: A SURVEY
Pierce, C. J., Weyant, R. J., Block, H. M., & NEMIR, D. C. (1995) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1995.0153 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pandis, N., Fleming, P. S., Spineli, L. M., & Salanti, G. (2014) · American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics · doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.12.016 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Daif, E. T. (2011) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016357.2011.597776 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Antibacterial effects of cavity lining: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Schwendicke, F., Tu, Y., Hsu, L., & Göstemeyer, G. (2015) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2015.07.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Physical Therapy in the Management of Myofacial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome
Talaat, A., El-Dibany, M. M., & El-Garf, A. K. (1986) · Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology · doi:10.1177/000348948609500303 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Turner, J. A., Mancl, L., Huggins, K. H., Sherman, J. J., Lentz, G. M., & LeResche, L. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.05.005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Long‐term effectiveness of a prefabricated oral appliance for myofascial pain
Doepel, M., Nilner, M., EKBERG, E., & BELL, Y. L. (2011) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2011.02261.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Benchmarking of reported search and selection methods of systematic reviews by dental speciality
Major, M. P., Major, P. W., & Flores‐Mir, C. (2007) · Evidence-Based Dentistry · doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400504 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Alencar, F. G. P., Viana, P., Zamperini, C. A., & Becker, A. (2014) · Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache · doi:10.11607/ofph.963 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Use of an Oral Exercise Device in the Treatment of Muscular TMD
Grace, E. G., Sarlani, E., & Read, B. (2002) · CRANIO® · doi:10.1080/08869634.2002.11746212 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Effect of Hypnosis on Pain and Blink Reflexes in Patients With Painful Temporomandibular Disorders
Abrahamsen, R., Baad‐Hansen, L., Zachariae, R. H., & Svensson, P. J. (2010) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e3181ffbfcb · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sattayut, S., & Bradley, P. J. (2012) · LASER THERAPY · doi:10.5978/islsm.12-or09 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Packer, A. C., Pires, P. F., Dibai-Filho, A. V., & Rodrigues-Bigaton, D. (2014) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000000031 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Efficacy of Group Cognitive Behavior Therapy for the Treatment of Masticatory Myofascial Pain
Dunn, W. J., Bogart, R., McDaniel, R. J., Dunn, W. J., Hunter, C. M., Peterson, A. L., & Wright, E. F. (2007) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed.172.2.169 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Rizzatti‐Barbosa, C. M., Martinelli, D. A., Ambrosano, G. M. B., & Barbosa, J. R. D. A. (2003) · CRANIO® · doi:10.1080/08869634.2003.11746239 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
DeVocht, J. W., Goertz, C. M., Hondras, M. A., Long, C. R., Schaeffer, W., Thomann, L., Spector, M., & Stanford, C. M. (2013) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0034 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Espejo-Antúnez, L., Castro-Valenzuela, E., Ribeiro, F., Cabello, M. A., Silva, A. G., & Rodríguez-Mansilla, J. (2016) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.12.012 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Long-term effectiveness of a prefabricated oral appliance for myofascial pain
(2012) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.640 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bolstad, N. L., Nilsson, H., Petersson, A. R., & Ekberg, E. (2009) · CRANIO® · doi:10.1179/crn.2009.028 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Thurman, M. M., & Huang, G. J. (2009) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2009.0104 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [28]Julian H James T Tianjing L Cochrane Handbook For Systematic Review Of Intervention 5.1.0. 2011. XXX.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Yao, L., Sadeghirad, B., Li, M., Li, J., Wang, Q., Crandon, H. N., Martin, G., Morgan, R., Florez, I. D., Hunskaar, B. S., et al. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076226 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Ren, H., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Yu, C., Bao, G., & Kang, H. (2021) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.13230 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Canales, G. D. L. T., Câmara‐Souza, M. B., Ernberg, M. M., Al‐Moraissi, E. A., Grigoriadis, A., Poluha, R. L., Christidis, M., Jasim, H., Lövgren, A., & Christidis, N. (2024) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-024-02048-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Temporomandibular Disorders Management—What’s New? A Scoping Review
Mauro, G., Verdecchia, A., Suárez-Fernández, C., Nocini, R., Mauro, E., & Zerman, N. (2024) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj12060157 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Clinical aspects of mastication myalgia—an overview
Barjandi, G., Svedenlöf, J., Jasim, H., Collin, M., Hedenberg‐Magnusson, B., Christidis, N., & Ernberg, M. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1306475 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Yan, L., Li, J. J., Zhu, Y., Liu, H., Liu, R., Bin, Z., & Wang, B. (2020) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-020-06231-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Penín, U. S., Mora, U. S., López-Solache, A., Mora, M. J., Collier, T. J., Pocock, S., Franco, F. L., Varela‐Centelles, P. I., & López-Cedrún, J. L. (2023) · Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger · doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152117 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ferreira, N. R., Marto, C. M., de Sousa, B. M., Loureiro, M., de Oliveira, A. T., DosSantos, M. F. H., & Rodrigues, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.13692 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Rebekah, R., Navaneethan, R., & Nagachandran, K. (2024) · Journal of Orthodontic Science · doi:10.4103/jos.jos_21_24 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ferreira, N. R., Marto, C. M., Oliveira, A. T., Rodrigues, M. J., & DosSantos, M. F. H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267722 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jha, A. K., Gupta, S. K., Sinha, A., Tanna, M., Priya, L., Singh, S., & Gore, N. R. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.42584 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Garrett, A., Biasotto‐Gonzalez, D. A., & Sonza, A. (2025) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08642-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Saulue, P., Laluque, J.-F., d’Incau, E., Boileau, M.-J., & Orthlieb, J.-D. (2021) · Revue d Orthopédie Dento-Faciale · doi:10.1051/odf/2021017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Proshchenko, A., & Shynchukovskyi, I. A. (2024) · SUCHASNA STOMATOLOHIYA · doi:10.33295/1992-576x-2024-6-72 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ma, F., Jia, B., Liu, Z., Pei, X., Liu, X., Li, H., & Song, Z. (2026) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-026-08373-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Saulue, P., Palla, S., Laluque, J.-F., Michelotti, A., Manière-Ezvan, A., & Fougeront, N. (2021) · Revue d Orthopédie Dento-Faciale · doi:10.1051/odf/2021022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Veerabhadrappa, S. K., Anbananthan, T. D., Ying, C. X., Ramamurthy, P. H., Yadav, S., & Zamzuri, A. T. B. (2021) · Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery · doi:10.1051/mbcb/2021019 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tharmo, K. (2022) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0219.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Development of Core Outcome Sets for Clinical Trials in Temporomandibular DisordersPreprint
Ferreira, N. R., Marto, C. M., Oliveira, A. T., Rodrigues, M. J., & DosSantos, M. F. H. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1209561/v1
UTILIZAÇÃO TERAPÊUTICA DA TOXINA BOTULÍNICA NO CONTROLE DA DOR OROFACIAL
Rodrigues, S. D. A., Medeiros, R. G., Sales, R. H. M., Bezerra, P. T. M., Teixeira, F. L. S., Araujo, M. E. R., & de Alencar, V. R. C. T. (2023) · Revista Interfaces Saúde Humanas e Tecnologia · doi:10.16891/2317-434x.v11.e2.a2023.pp1979-1984
Qafmolla, A., Çanga, M., & Qafmolla, R. (2023) · Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine · doi:10.5937/bjdm2303187a
TOXINA BOTULÍNICA COMO TRATAMENTO DAS DISFUNÇÕES TEMPOROMANDIBULARES
da Silva, E. S., & Vera, S. A. A. (2024) · Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação · doi:10.51891/rease.v10i7.15018
Dipalma, G., Marinelli, G., Lauria, P., Marotti, P., Chieppa, S., Inchingolo, F., Palermo, A., Inchingolo, A. D., & Inchingolo, A. D. (2026) · Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.adoms.2026.100672
- Authors
- Feng, J., Luo, M., Ma, J., Tian, Y., Han, X., & Bai, D.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Bai, Ding
- Venue
- Medicine
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 46
- Pages
- e17934
- ISSN
- 0025-7974 (ISSN-L)
- 1536-5964
- PMC
- PMC6867722
- OpenAlex
- W2987522976
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Complementary and Manual Therapy › Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Myofascial pain diagnosis and treatment
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
- Keywords
- masticatory muscle pain, temporomandibular disorders, treatment efficacy, complementary therapy, analgesia, treatment comparison, randomized controlled trials
- MeSH terms
- Complementary Therapies, Analgesics, Botulinum Toxins, Humans, Masticatory Muscles, Temporomandibular Joint Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
