Cited by 322Evolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorFace Recognition and PerceptionEmotions and Moral Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

What Are Emotion Expressions For?

Shariff, Azim F., Tracy, Jessica L.·2011·Current Directions in Psychological Science

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Although research on the nonverbal expression of emotion has played a prominent role throughout psychology during the past two decades—including an instrumental role in the development of contemporary evolutionary psychology—little research has focused on the evolutionary origins and functions of the emotional expressions themselves. However, recent findings from psychophysical, comparative, social, and cross-cultural psychology are converging to produce a compelling functionalist account, suggesting that emotional expressions serve critical adaptive purposes. Most of these studies have narrowly focused on single emotions—an approach that has been very useful for providing new insights about specific expressions but not for developing a broader understanding of why humans universally display and recognize distinct emotions. Here we unify these disparate findings in order to illuminate this fundamental form of social communication.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0963721411424739

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

The expression of the emotions in man and animals.
Darwin, C. D. (1872) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.1037/10001-000 · Cited by 12,120
An argument for basic emotions
Ekman, P. (1992) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 · Cited by 9,646
Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.483 · Cited by 3,147 · cited 2×
“Conditioning studies have shown that anger and fear expressions are more easily paired with aversive stimuli than are happiness expressions—suggesting an evolved preparedness to form cognitive associations between threat-signaling expressions and threatening concepts (see Ohman & Mineka, 2001).”
Background
TARGET ARTICLE: "Putting the Self Into Self-Conscious Emotions: A Theoretical Model"
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01 · Cited by 1,462
Self-citation
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
Darwin, C. D. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139833813 · Cited by 1,351
Power Posing
Carney, D. R., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Yap, A. J. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610383437 · Cited by 946
Maternal emotional signaling: Its effect on the visual cliff behavior of 1-year-olds.
Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., Campos, J. J., & Klinnert, M. D. (1985) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.1.195 · Cited by 885
Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame.
Keltner, D. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.441 · Cited by 718 · cited 1×
“Second, humans across disparate cultures (including the congenitally blind) have been found to spontaneously display these expressions in status-relevant situations (i.e., success and failure; e.g., Keltner, 1995; Lewis, Alessandri, & Sullivan, 1992; Tracy & Matsumoto, 2008).”
Background
In bad taste: evidence for the oral origins of moral disgust
Chapman, H. A., Kim, D. A., Susskind, J. M., & Anderson, A. K. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1165565 · Cited by 691
The spontaneous expression of pride and shame: Evidence for biologically innate nonverbal displays
Tracy, J. L., & Matsumoto, D. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0802686105 · Cited by 637
Self-citation

Show all 32 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Eibl-Eibesfeldt I., 1989, Human ethology
Keltner D., 1998, Interpersonal approaches to shame, 78

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 322

Some emotional considerations in cyber conflict
McDermott, R. (2019) · Journal of Cyber Policy · doi:10.1080/23738871.2019.1701692 · Cited by 24
The Chicken and Egg of Pride and Social Rank
Witkower, Z., Mercadante, E., & Tracy, J. L. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211023619 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
How Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility Raises Employees’ Creative Behaviors Based on Appraisal Theory of Emotion: The Serial Mediation Model
Bouichou, S. I., Wang, L., & Zulfiqar, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.865007 · Cited by 24
Exaggeration of emotional responses in online communication
Caspi, A., & Etgar, S. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107818 · Cited by 19
Recognition of facial emotions on human and canine faces in children with and without autism spectrum disorders
Davidson, D. Z., Hilvert, E., Misiunaite, I., Kerby, K., & Giordano, M. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9736-9 · Cited by 21
The Evolution of Pride and Shame
Beall, A. T., & Tracy, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108131797.016 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Emotional expression in human odour
Roberts, S. C., Fialová, J., Sorokowska, A., Langford, B., Sorokowski, P., Třebický, V., & Havlíček, J. (2022) · Evolutionary Human Sciences · doi:10.1017/ehs.2022.44 · Cited by 23
Eliciting Negative Affects Using Film Clips and Real-Life Methods
Cabral, J. C. C., Tavares, P. D. S., Weydmann, G. J., das Neves, V. T., & de Almeida, R. M. M. (2017) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294117730844 · Cited by 19
Employee emotional displays in the extended service encounter
Söderlund, M., & Berg, H. (2019) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-06-2019-0208 · Cited by 19
Experiences of maltreatment in childhood and attention to facial emotions in healthy young women
Hoepfel, D., Günther, V., Bujanow, A., Kersting, A., Bodenschatz, C. M., & Suslow, T. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08290-1 · Cited by 20
Social evaluative threat across individual, relational, and collective selves
(2023) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2023.03.001 · Cited by 24
Affective valence signals agency within and between individuals.
Chang, Y.-P., Algoe, S. B., & Chen, L. H. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000229 · Cited by 19
What stops revenge taking? Effects of observed emotional reactions on revenge seeking
Eder, A. B., Mitschke, V., & Gollwitzer, M. (2020) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21890 · Cited by 18
Confabulation, Explanation, and the Pursuit of Resonant Meaning
Stammers, S. (2018) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-018-9616-7 · Cited by 17
Social Emotions in Children's Human Figure Drawings: Drawing Shame, Pride and Jealousy
Bonoti, F., & Misalidi, P. (2015) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1918 · Cited by 17
Understanding the role of faces in person perception: Increased reliance on facial appearance when judging sociability
Jaeger, B., Evans, A. M., Stel, M., & van Beest, I. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104288 · Cited by 18
Musicality – Tuned to the melody of vocal emotions
Nussbaum, C., Schirmer, A., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2023) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12684 · Cited by 17
Adult age differences in the interpretation of surprised facial expressions.
Shuster, M. M., Mikels, J. A., & Camras, L. A. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000234 · Cited by 16
The influence of emotion type, social value orientation and processing focus on approach-avoidance tendencies to negative dynamic facial expressions
Kaltwasser, L., Moore, K., Weinreich, A., & Sommer, W. (2017) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-017-9624-8 · Cited by 17
Understanding Social Display Rules: Using One Person’s Emotional Expressions to Infer the Desires of Another
Wu, Y., & Schulz, L. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13346 · Cited by 15
‘Puppy Dog Eyes’ Are Associated With Eye Movements, Not Communication
Bremhorst, A., Mills, D. S., Stolzlechner, L., Würbel, H., & Riemer, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.568935 · Cited by 16
Rituals and Nuptials: The Emotional and Relational Consequences of Relationship Rituals
Garcia‐Rada, X., Sezer, O., & Norton, M. I. (2019) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/702761 · Cited by 17
The effects of coaches' emotional expressions on players' performance: Experimental evidence in a football context
Moll, T., & Davies, G. L. (2021) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101913 · Cited by 21
Seeing through the shades of situated affectivity. Sunglasses as a socio-affective artifact
Viola, M. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2118574 · Cited by 15
Groups' Actions Trump Injunctive Reaction in an Incidental Observation by Young Children
Turner, C. R., Nielsen, M., & Collier‐Baker, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107375 · Cited by 15
Acute alcohol effects on facial expressions of emotions in social drinkers: a systematic review
Capito, E. S., Lautenbacher, S., & Horn‐Hofmann, C. (2017) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s146918 · Cited by 16
Does putting your emotions into words make you feel better? Measuring the minute-scale dynamics of emotions from online dataPreprint
Fan, R., Varamesh, A., Varol, O., Barron, A., van de Leemput, I. A., Scheffer, M., & Bollen, J. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1807.09725 · Cited by 15
A levels-of-analysis framework for studying social emotions
Yu, H., Gao, X., Shen, B., Hu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00285-1 · Cited by 14
Depressive symptoms and visual attention to others’ eyes in healthy individuals
Suslow, T., Hoepfel, D., Kersting, A., & Bodenschatz, C. M. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05633-2 · Cited by 14
Language and emotion: hypotheses on the constructed nature of emotion perception
Doyle, C. M., & Lindquist, K. A. (2017) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 14
Moral emotions in early childhood: Validation of the Moral Emotions Questionnaire (MEQ)
da Silva, B. M. S., Ketelaar, L., Veiga, G., Tsou, Y.-T., & Rieffe, C. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254221075031 · Cited by 12
Do the effects of nonverbal behaviour on team outcome confidence in team sports depend on the availability of additional performance information?
Seiler, K., Schweizer, G., & Seiler, R. (2017) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.12.007 · Cited by 13
Using video-notational analysis to examine soccer players’ behaviours
Caso, S., Furley, P., & Jordet, G. (2025) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2025.2477165 · Cited by 20
Emotion, Perception and Expression of
Jang, D., & Elfenbein, H. A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.25052-6 · Cited by 14
Power Plays
Marsh, A. A., Cardinale, E. M., Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E., Grossman, M. R., & Krumpos, K. A. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613519684 · Cited by 12
Cortical processing of speaker politeness: Tracking the dynamic effects of voice tone and politeness markers
Caballero, J. A., Mauchand, M., Jiang, X., & Pell, M. D. (2021) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2021.1938667 · Cited by 16
Monkeys preferentially process body information while viewing affective displays.
Bliss‐Moreau, E., Moadab, G., & Machado, C. J. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000292 · Cited by 12
Giant pandas can discriminate the emotions of human facial pictures
Li, Y., Dai, Q., Hou, R., Zhang, Z., Chen, P., Xue, R., Feng, F., Chen, C., Liu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08789-y · Cited by 13
Fostering advances to neuropsychological assessment based on the Research Domain Criteria: The bridge between cognitive functioning and physiology
Geraldo, A., Azeredo, A., Pasion, R., Dores, A. R., & Barbosa, F. (2018) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2018.1523467 · Cited by 12
Socio-emotional and motor engagement during musical activities in older adults with major neurocognitive impairment
Hobeika, L., Ghilain, M., Schiaratura, L., Lesaffre, M., Huvent‐Grelle, D., Puisieux, F. L., & Samson, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94686-4 · Cited by 16
Emotions in Sport
Furley, P., Laborde, S., Robazza, C., & Lane, A. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-03921-8_11 · Cited by 15
A Motivational Account of Convergence in Emotion Expressions Within Groups: The Emotional Conformity Framework
Wolf, S. A., Heerdink, M. W., & Kleef, G. A. V. (2023) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739231182241 · Cited by 12
Goats discriminate emotional valence in the human voice
Mason, M. A., Semple, S., Marshall, H. H., & McElligott, A. G. (2024) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.12.008 · Cited by 11
Tell-tale signals: faces reveal playful and aggressive mood in wolves
Maglieri, V., Mastrandrea, F., Galotti, A., Böye, M., Laurent, S., Marcolla, A., & Palagi, E. (2024) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.05.013 · Cited by 11
Viewing distance matter to perceived intensity of facial expressions
Gerhardsson, A., Högman, L., & Fischer, H. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00944 · Cited by 11
An examination of nonverbal behaviours in successful and unsuccessful professional volleyball teams
Durdubaş, D., Martin, L. J., & Koruç, Z. (2019) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2019.1623284 · Cited by 10
Can You Tell Who Scores? An Assessment of the Recognition of Affective States Based on the Nonverbal Behavior of Amateur Tennis Players in Competitive Matches
Fritsch, J., Seiler, K., Wagner, M. O., Englert, C., & Jekauc, D. (2023) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2022-0182 · Cited by 10
Embodied language of emotions: Predicting human intuitions with linguistic distributions in blind and sighted individuals
Giraud, M., Marelli, M., & Nava, E. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17864 · Cited by 12
The financial cost of status signaling: Expansive postural displays are associated with a reduction in the receipt of altruistic donations
Tracy, J. L., Steckler, C. M., Randles, D., & Mercadante, E. (2018) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.05.001 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Culture shapes how we describe facial expressions
Wnuk, E., & Wodowski, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-72432-w · Cited by 11
Three Varieties of Affective Artifacts: Feeling, Evaluative and Motivational Artifacts
Viola, M. (2021) · Phenomenology and Mind · doi:10.17454/pam-2000 · Cited by 10
Processing of facial expressions of same-race and other-race faces: distinct and shared neural underpinnings
Wang, X., & Han, S. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab027 · Cited by 9
Interpersonal Consequences of Deceptive Expressions of Sadness
Gunderson, C. A., Baker, A., Pence, A. D., & ten Brinke, L. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211059700 · Cited by 10
Features and Extra-Striate Body Area Representations of Diagnostic Body Parts in Anger and Fear Perception
Ren, J., Ding, R., Li, S., Zhang, M., Wei, D., Feng, C., Xu, P., & Luo, W. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12040466 · Cited by 10
Level of autistic traits in neurotypical adults predicts kinematic idiosyncrasies in their biological movements
Lewis, G. F., daSilva, E. B., Aghajani, M., Date, S. S., & Jaime, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2024.1364249 · Cited by 10
Cultural Brokering in Immigrant Families
Subramoney, S., Walle, E. A., Main, A., & Magaña, D. (2025) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12539 · Cited by 8
Emotional Signaling: How Helpers’ Emotional Expressions Affect Attributions of Motives, Relationship Quality, and Reciprocation
Lee, S. H., & Johnson, M. D. (2025) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2023.0313 · Cited by 9
The situatedness of aesthetic emotions: a review of the literature and a proposal for its study in variationist linguistics
Vera, J. E. D. (2025) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2025.101744 · Cited by 8
Joint Growth Trajectories of Trait Emotional Intelligence Subdomains Among L2 Language Learners: Estimating a Second-Order Factor-of-Curves Model With Emotion Perception
Taherian, T., Fazilatfar, A. M., & Mazdayasna, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720945 · Cited by 9
Beyond Outrage: Observers Anticipate Different Behaviors From Expressors of Anger Versus Disgust
Fan, L., Molho, C., Kupfer, T. R., Sauter, D. A., & Tybur, J. M. (2023) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506231176954 · Cited by 10
A Price Paid for Our Internal Strife: Escalated Intragroup Aggression and the Evolution of Ingroup Derogation
Wu, Q., Liu, W., Li, C., Li, X., & Zhou, P. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01453 · Cited by 8
Evolution of Emotion in Social Context
Bliss‐Moreau, E., Williams, L. A., & Karaskiewicz, C. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2459-1 · Cited by 8
Emotional Tandem Robots: How Different Robot Behaviors Affect Human Perception While Controlling a Mobile Robot
Kaduk, J., Weilbeer, F., & Hamann, H. (2024) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros58592.2024.10801974 · Cited by 7
The bidirectional relationship between emotion regulation and social communication in childhood: A systematic review
Raza, S., Sacrey, L.-A. R., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2023) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2480 · Cited by 7
Kansei-Spiritual Therapeutic Robot Interaction Design
Ismail, N. N. N. N., Lokman, A. M., & Redzuan, F. (2018) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8612-0_61 · Cited by 7
Trajectory of the Recognition of Basic Emotions in the Neurodevelopment of Children and Its Evaluation Through the “Recognition of Basic Emotions in Childhood” Test (REBEC)
Poenitz, V., & Román, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.00110 · Cited by 7
A Special Class of Experience: Positive Affect Evoked by Music and the Arts
Schubert, E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084735 · Cited by 11
Age-congruency and contact effects in body expression recognition from point-light displays (PLD)
Pollux, P. M. J., Hermens, F., & Willmott, A. P. (2016) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.2796 · Cited by 8
The Social Amplification View of facial expression
Glazer, T. (2019) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-019-9686-y · Cited by 8
Critical Realism, Human Rights, and Emotion: How an Emotive Ontology Can Resolve the Tensions Between Universalism and Relativism
Luongo, B. (2021) · Human Rights Review · doi:10.1007/s12142-021-00618-0 · Cited by 7
The effect of presentation time and working memory load on emotion recognition.
Tsouli, A., Pateraki, L., Spentza, I., & Nega, C. (2017) · Journal of Psychology and Cognition · doi:10.35841/psychology-cognition.2.1.61-66 · Cited by 7
Does a Face Speak for Itself? Emotion Recognition Technologies and Explainable AI
Walsh, E. (2025) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-025-00891-8 · Cited by 8
Emotionen im Sport
Furley, P., & Laborde, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-56802-6_11 · Cited by 9
Religion and Spirituality
Camino-Gaztambide, R. F., Fortuna, L. R., & Stuber, M. L. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2022.05.007 · Cited by 9
Emotion, Persuasion, and Team Adaptation: Advancing Theory Through Cinema
Munyon, T. P., & Summers, J. K. (2023) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2022.0053 · Cited by 8
Conceptual analysis of social signals: the importance of clarifying terminology
Méhu, M., D’Errico, F., & Heylen, D. (2012) · Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces · doi:10.1007/s12193-012-0091-y · Cited by 6
The Emotional Moves of a Rational Actor: Smiles, Scowls, and Other Credible Messages
Reed, L. I., & DeScioli, P. (2017) · Games · doi:10.3390/g8020018 · Cited by 6
Using the primary process emotional–behavioural system to better meet patient needs in psychotherapy
Kuei, T., Tsai, M., McLeod, H. J., White, R. G., & Kanter, J. W. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2330 · Cited by 6
Dyadic Dynamics: The Impact of Emotional Responses to Facial Expressions on the Perception of Power
Hareli, S., Halhal, M., & Heß, U. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01993 · Cited by 6
Sensorimotor synchronization and non-verbal behaviors in Alzheimer's disease: the influence of social and musical context
Ghilain, M., Hobeika, L., Schiaratura, L., Lesaffre, M., Six, J., Desmet, F., Clément, S., & Samson, S. (2020) · Gériatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Viellissement · doi:10.1684/pnv.2020.0861 · Cited by 6
Nonverbal expressions of soccer coaches during the game and their potential effects on observers
Thrien, F., & Furley, P. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541211028520 · Cited by 7
Teeth Baring as a Model to Understand Complex Facial Signals in a Tolerant Macaque Species
Fantoni, F., Maglieri, V., Giusti, N., Scopa, C., Pallante, V., Loprete, A. L., & Palagi, E. (2024) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23697 · Cited by 5
Sensing the Inside Out: An Embodied Perspective on Digital Animation Through Motion Capture and Wearables
Raheb, K. E., Kougioumtzian, L., Kalampratsidou, V., Θεοδωρόπουλος, Α., Kyriakoulakos, P., & Vosinakis, S. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25072314 · Cited by 8
The autistic brain can process local but not global emotion regularities in facial and musical sequences
Xu, J., Zhou, L., Liu, F., Xue, C., Jiang, J., & Jiang, C. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2635 · Cited by 5
Text as signal. A tutorial with case studies focusing on social media (Twitter)
Mayor, E., Bietti, L., & Canales-Rodríguez, E. (2022) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-022-01917-1 · Cited by 7
Facial representations of complex affective states combining pain and a negative emotion
Tessier, M.-H., Mazet, J.-P., Gagner, E., Marcoux, A., & Jackson, P. L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62423-2 · Cited by 5
The Influence of Task-Irrelevant Flankers Depends on the Composition of Emotion Categories
Holthausen, B. S., Regenbogen, C., Turetsky, B. I., Schneider, F. W., & Habel, U. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00712 · Cited by 5
Evolution of Emotion in Social Context
Bliss‐Moreau, E., Williams, L. A., & Karaskiewicz, C. L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_2459 · Cited by 5
Real-life intense fear is communicated through context, not facial expressions
Lecker, M., Hallock, S., Danielson, A., Aertrickc, M. V., Kindt, M., & Aviezer, H. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2414677122 · Cited by 5
Assessing flexibility in meaning and context in non‐human communication
Fröhlich, M., Aychet, J., Clark, P. R., Crockford, C., Dezecache, G., Rebout, N., van Schaik, C. P., & Graham, K. E. (2025) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.70054 · Cited by 4
On the role of vocal emotions in social decision-making
Caballero, J. A., & Ménez, M. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00509-1 · Cited by 4
Expressing embarrassment (or not): Which effects on produced impression on others and on attributed social value?
Maire, H., & Agnoletti, M.-F. (2020) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2020.100525 · Cited by 4
Analysis of Match Performance Indicators of Women Soccer Players in World Cups
Atasever, G., & Kıyıcı, F. (2023) · The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport · doi:10.22282/tojras.1352608 · Cited by 4
The Neuroscience of Emotions and the Role Emotions Play in Learning
Attard, K., & Frendo, C. S. (2022) · Malta Journal of Education · doi:10.62695/ndqa6480 · Cited by 9
Angry allies and fearful protesters: Communicating the right emotion during non‐normative non‐violent protests increases support for concessions among resistant high‐status group members
Çakmak, H., Kara, E., & Sakarya, İ. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.13050 · Cited by 5
Emotionskonzepte der Evolutionspsychologie
Lange, B. P., Schwab, F., & Euler, H. Α. (2019) · J.B. Metzler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-476-05353-4_9 · Cited by 4
The perceived invalidation of emotion scale (PIES) in a Portuguese sample: a psychometric evaluation and an item response theory analysis
Brandão, T., Brites, R., Hipólito, J., & Nunes, O. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01238-6 · Cited by 6
Psychology of Emotions
Statharakos, N., Alvares, A. J., Papadopoulou, E., & Statharakou, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16605-1_2 · Cited by 5
Nonverbal Facial Cues Signaling Sexually Transmitted Infections Cause Dehumanization and Discrimination
Tian, L., Deska, J. C., & Rule, N. O. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100178 · Cited by 4
A secret language of aggression: disgust expressions are treated as cues of impending social exclusion among women
Krems, J. A., French, J., & Filip‐Crawford, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2024.1335368 · Cited by 4

Authors: Shariff, A. F., & Tracy, J. L.
Affiliations: University of Oregon (US)
University of British Columbia (CA)
ORCID: Shariff, Azim F.
Tracy, Jessica L.
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2011-12
Volume: 20
Issue: 6
Pages: 395-399
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1177/0963721411424739
OpenAlex: W2096186423
Cited by: 322
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 16.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Funders: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: emotional expression, nonverbal communication, evolutionary origins of emotion, adaptive function of emotions, emotion recognition, social communication

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

What Are Emotion Expressions For?

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks