Cited by 196Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMotor Control and AdaptationMemory and Neural Mechanisms

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Brain’s Learning and Control Architecture

Chein, Jason M., Schneider, Walter·2012·Current Directions in Psychological Science

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Many brain-imaging studies are designed with the goal of isolating brain regions responsible for a specific mental function. The results, which reveal islands of activity scattered about the brain, can give the impression that the brain is just a disorganized collection of specialized processing centers. However, examination of how brain activity changes as a new skill is learned reveals a structured learning architecture composed of three hierarchically organized systems, each with a distinct role in learning and each characterized by a distinct pattern of learning-dependent plasticity. These systems are a representation system, which supports associative learning; a cognitive control network, which allocates attention during the execution of newly learned behaviors; and a metacognitive system, which guides the establishment of new behavioral routines, monitors the quality of ongoing behaviors, and oversees the transitions from one behavior to another. The combined involvement of these systems allows humans to learn rapidly and to flexibly transfer existing knowledge to novel contexts.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0963721411434977

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Self-citation
Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory
McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.419 · Cited by 5,256
Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies
Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137585 · Cited by 3,598
The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance
Ericsson, K. A., Charness, N. H., Feltovich, P. J., Hoffman, R. R., Michelene, T. H., Hunt, E., Prietula, M. J., Amirault, R. J., Branson, R. K., Buchanan, B. G., et al. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816796 · Cited by 3,160
Advances in Instructional Psychology
(2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315864341 · Cited by 2,538
Exploring the Central Executive
Baddeley, A. (1996) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755608 · Cited by 2,390
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I
Schneider, W. E., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Cited by 2,228
Self-citation
Training and plasticity of working memory
Klingberg, T. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.05.002 · Cited by 1,585
The cognitive control network: Integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions
Cole, M. W., & Schneider, W. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.071 · Cited by 1,091
Self-citation

Show all 35 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–194 of 194

Highly Proficient and Gifted Bilinguals
Biedroń, A., & Birdsong, D. P. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.017 · Cited by 8
Valence-dependent Neural Correlates of Augmented Feedback Processing in Extensive Motor Sequence Learning – Part I: Practice-related Changes of Feedback Processing
Margraf, L., Krause, D., & Weigelt, M. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.016 · Cited by 8
Can metacognition determine employee performance in the context of virtual workspace? An empirical investigation
Jain, S., Singh, A., & Bhalla, R. (2024) · International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior · doi:10.1108/ijotb-03-2023-0066 · Cited by 9
Development of between-trial response strategy adjustments in a continuous action control task: A cross-sectional study
Verbruggen, F., & McLaren, R. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.05.002 · Cited by 7
The Pursuit of Effective Working Memory Training: a Pre-registered Randomised Controlled Trial with a Novel Varied Training Protocol
Ritakallio, L., Fellman, D., Jylkkä, J., Waris, O., Lönnroth, N., Nervander, R., Salmi, J., & Laine, M. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-021-00235-2 · Cited by 7
Does Visuomotor Adaptation Proceed in Stages? An Examination of the Learning Model by Chein and Schneider (2012)
Simon, A., & Bock, O. L. (2015) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2015.1015677 · Cited by 6
Foreign Language Learning from Early Childhood to Young Adulthood
Muñoz, C., & Spada, N. M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.013 · Cited by 8
Tridimensional model of CBT: a transdiagnostic and transtheoretical pragmatic model
Özdel, K., & Türkçapar, M. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1555047 · Cited by 6
Frontal theta reveals further information about neural valence‐dependent processing of augmented feedback in extensive motor practice—A secondary analysis
Margraf, L., Krause, D., & Weigelt, M. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15951 · Cited by 5
The future of neuropsychology is digital, theory-driven, and Bayesian: a paradigmatic study of cognitive flexibility
Schmerwitz, C., & Kopp, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1437192 · Cited by 5
Cognitive Capacity Limits Are Remediated by Practice-Induced Plasticity between the Putamen and Pre-Supplementary Motor Area
Garner, K., Garrido, M. I., & Dux, P. E. (2020) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0139-20.2020 · Cited by 5
The Measurement of Bilingual Abilities
Treffers‐Daller, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.016 · Cited by 11
Second Language Acquisition as a Road to Bilingualism
Ortega, L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.022 · Cited by 10
The Economics of Bilingualism
Grin, F. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.010 · Cited by 5
Functional connectivity and GABAergic signaling modulate the enhancement effect of neurostimulation on mathematical learning
Zacharopoulos, G., Dehghani, M., Krause, B., Near, J., & Kadosh, R. C. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003200 · Cited by 5
Do trilingual individuals exhibit an advantage over bilinguals in executive function tasks?
Chen, J., Ci, J., & Liu, F. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105354 · Cited by 4
The Curve of Learning With and Without Instructions
van Maanen, L., Zhang, Y., Schryver, M. D., & Liefooghe, B. (2024) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.373 · Cited by 8
From task-general towards task-specific cognitive operations in a few minutes? Working memory performance as an adaptive process
Jylkkä, J., Stickley, Z. L., Fellman, D., Waris, O., Ritakallio, L., Little, T. D., Salmi, J., & Laine, M. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241278272 · Cited by 6
Tracking the acquisition and retention of novel word representations: an ERP study
Armstrong, S. R., Copland, D. A., Escudero, P., & Angwin, A. J. (2024) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2024.2310549 · Cited by 5
Cling together, swing together? Assessing indirect retrieval of stimulus-response bindings for associated stimuli
Arunkumar, M., Rothermund, K., Kunde, W., Mocke, V., & Giesen, C. G. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02525-0 · Cited by 4
Valence-dependent neural correlates of augmented feedback processing in extensive motor sequence learning – Part II: Predictive value of event-related potentials for behavioral adaptation and learning
Margraf, L., Krause, D., & Weigelt, M. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.018 · Cited by 4
Intelligence and Rationality
Stanovich, K. E., Toplak, M. E., & West, R. F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770422.047 · Cited by 5
Developing Cognitive Control and Flexible Adaptation during Childhood
Chevalier, N., & Blaye, A. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108399838.024 · Cited by 6
Transfer of strategic task components across unique tasks that share some common structures
Longman, C. S., Milton, F., & Wills, A. J. (2023) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218231221046 · Cited by 7
Holistic Perspective to Individual Study Plan: Personal Development Project Plan
Kivimäki, V., & Meriluoto, S. (2018) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-923-2-514 · Cited by 4
Learning in the absence of overt practice: a novel (previously unseen) stimulus can trigger retrieval of an unpracticed response
Longman, C. S., Kiesel, A., & Verbruggen, F. (2018) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1106-4 · Cited by 4
Instructed and Acquired Contingencies in Response-Inhibition Tasks
Best, M., McLaren, I. P. L., & Verbruggen, F. (2019) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.53 · Cited by 4
Unlearning and Relearning of Languages from Childhood to Later Adulthood
Keijzer, M. C. J., & de Bot, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.015 · Cited by 5
Voir La Vie Sans Rose-Colored Glasses
Paap, K. R., & Majoubi, J. (2025) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000648 · Cited by 4
Functionally relevant and reliable brain stimulation targets for enhancement of novel word-learning
Kocataş, H., Abdelmotaleb, M., Guevara, L. M. C., Niemann, F., Shahbabaie, A., Malinowski, R., Riemann, S., Hayek, D., Antonenko, D., Rodríguez‐Fornells, A., et al. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122222 · Cited by 3
Is Early Bilingual Experience Associated with Greater Fluid Intelligence in Adults?
D’Souza, D., & Dakhch, Y. (2022) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages7020100 · Cited by 5
Habits, Goals, and Behavioral Signs of Cognitive Perseveration on Wisconsin Card-Sorting Tasks
Kopp, B., Al-Hafez, B., & Steinke, A. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13060919 · Cited by 3
Online Anticipatory Cues During Practice Disrupt Intentional and Incidental Sequence Learning
Dahm, S. F., & Krause, D. (2024) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2024.2369183 · Cited by 3
Attenuated processing of task‐irrelevant speech and other auditory stimuli: fMRI evidence from arithmetic tasks
Ylinen, A., Hannula‐Sormunen, M. M., McMullen, J. A., Lehtinen, E., Wikman, P. A., & Alho, K. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16616 · Cited by 6
Becoming Bilingual through Additive Immersive Programs
Juan-Garau, M., & Lyster, R. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.012 · Cited by 3
Dual process theory and the context of choice: Comments on Dhar and Gorlin
Stanovich, K. E. (2013) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2013.04.008 · Cited by 3
Automatisierung der motorischen Kontrolle
Krause, D., & Blischke, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53386-4_62-1 · Cited by 3
Distinct neurocognitive mechanisms underlying learning and representations of symbols of life and death
Gao, T., & Han, S. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac139 · Cited by 4
An evidence-based approach to working-memory based training in secondary education to improve reasoning test achievements
Ari�s (2018) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20180517ra · Cited by 3
Cognitive capacity limits are remediated by practice-induced plasticity between the Putamen and Pre-Supplementary Motor AreaPreprint
Garner, K., Garrido, M. I., & Dux, P. E. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/564450 · Cited by 3
The role of automatization in complex inductive reasoning: evidence from three experiments
Fabio, R. A., Picciotto, G., & Suriano, R. (2026) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-026-02261-1 · Cited by 2
The Dominant as a Model of Chronogenic Change: The Relevance of A. A. Ukhtomsky’s and L. S. Vygotsky’s Traditions for Systemic Cognitive Studies
Kurismaa, A., & Pavlova, L. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42760-7_7 · Cited by 2
Motorisches Lernen
Effenberg, A. O., & Schmitz, G. H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53386-4_60-1 · Cited by 2
Youth-like brain activation linked with greater cognitive training gains in older adults: Insights from the ACTOP study
Verty, L. V., Mellah, S., Maltezos, S., Boujut, A., Lussier, M., Bherer, L., & Belleville, S. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.04.013 · Cited by 2
Spontaneous Strategies Used During Novel Word Learning
Laine, M., Peñaloza, C., Eräste, T., Kunnari, A., & Rodríguez‐Fornells, A. (2025) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12725 · Cited by 2
Importance of Promoting Metacognitive Awareness at University
Masoodi, M. (2018) · Profesinis rengimas · doi:10.2478/vtrr-2018-0002 · Cited by 2
Bilingualism from Childhood through Adolescence
Bigelow, M., & Collins, P. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.003 · Cited by 3
Motorisches Lernen
Effenberg, A. O., & Schmitz, G. H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53410-6_60 · Cited by 2
The specific character of code-switching in translation
Борисовна, Е. Я. (2019) · Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Language and Literature · doi:10.21638/spbu09.2019.204 · Cited by 2
Supporting Bilingualism in Adult First-Generation Migrants
Simpson, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.014 · Cited by 3
Simulation and student transition in restorative dentistry
Fugill, M. (2015) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 2
From task-general to task-specific cognitive operations in a few minutes: Working memory performance is an adaptive processPreprint
Jylkkä, J., Fellman, D., Waris, O., Ritakallio, L., Stickley, Z. L., Little, T. D., Salmitaival, J., & Laine, M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jqwfp · Cited by 2
Collecting Longitudinal Psychophysiological Data in Remote Settings: A Feasibility Study
Poirier, S., Giroux, F., Léger, P., Bouvier, F., Brieugne, D., Chen, S. L., & Sénécal, S. (2022) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13064-9_19 · Cited by 1
Learning and Memory in Sports
Weigelt, M., Krause, D., & Güldenpenning, I. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-03921-8_3 · Cited by 1
Revisiting novel word semantic priming: The role of strategic priming mechanisms
Ball, L. V., Brusini, P., & Bannard, C. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241306747 · Cited by 4
The role of spontaneous strategy use in verbal episodic memory impairment in adult ADHD
Laine, M., Kunnari, A., Eräste, T., Ritakallio, L., Hedberg, B., & Salmi, J. (2025) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12416 · Cited by 1
Are executive functions engaged in language switching? The role of language proficiency
González, E. G., Lahdenranta, S., & Lehtonen, M. (2025) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728925100199 · Cited by 1
Automaticity speeds the retrieval of instances from the human hippocampus
Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Woodman, G. F., Lin, R., Chen, F., Weng, X., Jensen, O. B., Theeuwes, J., & Wang, B. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2518523122 · Cited by 1
How does interpreting training affect the executive function of switching? A longitudinal EEG-study of task switching
Habig, A.-K. (2025) · Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics · doi:10.1515/psicl-2024-0093 · Cited by 1
The interplay between attentional control and language task schemas: Progressive adaptation of attentional control in interpreting
Dong, Y. (2026) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2026.105785 · Cited by 1
Effects of augmented feedback delay on neural correlates of feedback processing in motor practice
Margraf, L., Krause, D., Maurer, L. K., & Weigelt, M. (2026) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-026-07365-z · Cited by 1
Engaging Dialogues to Experience a Bigger Picture: The Potential of Portfolios, Digital Storytelling with Video Shows for Reading Activities
Kusumaningputri, R. (2020) · Malaysian Journal of ELT Research · Cited by 1
Benefits and costs of self-paced preparation of novel task instructions
Reimer, C. B., Chen, Z., & Verbruggen, F. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210762 · Cited by 4
Automatisierung der motorischen Kontrolle
Krause, D., & Blischke, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53410-6_62 · Cited by 1
The distinction between long-term knowledge and short-term control processes is valid and useful
Shiffrin, R. M., Schneider, W., & Logan, G. D. (2023) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x2200317x · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Exploring Working Memory Capacity and Efficiency Processes to Understand Working Memory Training Outcomes in Primary School Children
Tan, A. S. L., Lau, R. C., Anderson, P. J., Gathercole, S. E., Bellgrove, M. A., Wiley, J. F., & Spencer‐Smith, M. M. (2024) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.348 · Cited by 2
Ready, steady, switch! Limited evidence for the role of executive functions in bilingual language control in children
González, E. G., Jylkkä, J., & Lehtonen, M. (2024) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728924000853 · Cited by 1
Why Do Some Older Adults Avoid Memory Retrieval When Acquiring a New Skill?
Hertzog, C. K., & Touron, D. R. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197528976.003.0009 · Cited by 1
Young Bilingual Adults
Gonçalves, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.004 · Cited by 1
Bilingualism and Sign Language Research
Tang, G., & Sze, F. Y. B. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.025 · Cited by 1
Practice and Task Experience Change the Gradient Organization in the Resting Brain
Zhou, J. M., Zhou, H., Li, C., Guo, J., Yang, X., Long, Z., Qin, Y., & Zhong, N. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09891-3_45 · Cited by 1
Selective attention network in naturalistic auditory scenes is object and scene specificPreprint
Wikman, P. A., Muukkonen, I. A., Kauramäki, J., Laaksonen, V., Varis, O., Petkov, C. I., & Rauschecker, J. P. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.03.631190 · Cited by 1
Movement automatization: motor interactions and electroencephalogram application
Neto, J. M. F., Martins, D. C., Escórcio, A. D. S., Teles, G., Nunes, M. K. G., Almeida, S. A., Rodrigues, M. T., Orsini, M. A., Silva, J. D. M., Teixeira, S. S., et al. (2019) · Fisioterapia Brasil · doi:10.33233/fb.v19i6.2501
Review and Commentary on the Interactive Effects of Interpreting Experience and Executive Control
胡, 敏. (2021) · Modern Linguistics · doi:10.12677/ml.2021.92039
State of the Art
Beruvides, G. (2018) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03949-3_1
Brain bases of the automaticity via visual search task
Bueichekú, E. (2016) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · doi:10.6035/14023.2016.375602 · Cited by 1
References
(2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420071-5.16001-6
Brain bases of the automaticity via visual search task
Bueichekú, E. (2016) · doi:10.6035/14109.2016.375602
Bilingualism in Clinical Linguistics
Hammer, C. S., & Edmonds, L. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.020
Index of Place Names
Houwer, A. D., & Ortega, L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.031
References
(2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.029
Language Index
Houwer, A. D., & Ortega, L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.030
Bilingualism and the Law
Angermeyer, P. S. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.008
Bilingualism in Neurolinguistics
Hernández, A. E. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.024
Subject Index
Houwer, A. D., & Ortega, L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831922.032
Understanding the Money-Sign and How Interpretation Goes Wrong
Matthews, N. R. (2022) · Journal of Economic Issues · doi:10.1080/00213624.2022.2118493
The organization of construal networks and functional adaptation
Horváth, P. (2023) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2023.101028 · Cited by 1
Skill learning in the developing brain: Interactions of control and representation systems
Fandakova, Y., & Wenger, E. (2024) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2024.07.002 · Cited by 2
Minimal training duration inducing near transfer in two-phase working memory training paradigm
Ni, N., Tsubomi, H., & Saito, S. (2025) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218251369061
Representationalism can connect neuroscience and philosophy
Kok, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Cognition · doi:10.3389/fcogn.2025.1623712
Motor sequences resist automatization as attentional demands increase with sequence learning
Dahm, S. F., Kraft, V. S., Martini, M., Krause, D., & Hermsdoerfer, J. (2026) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-026-00412-y
Imagerie fonctionnelle ultrasonore du système nerveux central : des entrées dans le SNC jusqu’aux fonctions cognitives complexes chez le rat et chez le primate non humain
Claron, J. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/17c4b363ze090z4131za485zd5cd466ce693
Working memory training in older adults: Load- and phase-dependent changes in brain activation
Maltezos, S., Mellah, S., Verty, L. V., Boujut, A., Lussier, M., Bherer, L., & Belleville, S. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116351
Bilateral M1 tDCS selectively modulates dynamic large-scale brain states associated with sensorimotor control relative to sham stimulation
Salameh, H., Muffel, T., Serhan, Y., Samara, M., Nenning, K., Hertz, U., Villringer, A., Sehm, B., & Ovadia‐Caro, S. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-75450-y

Authors: Chein, J. M., & Schneider, W.
Affiliations: Temple University (US)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: Chein, Jason M.
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-03-20
Volume: 21
Issue: 2
Pages: 78-84
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1177/0963721411434977
OpenAlex: W2124303906
Cited by: 196
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 3.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: associative learning, cognitive control, attention allocation, metacognition, behavioral routines, skill acquisition, knowledge transfer

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Brain’s Learning and Control Architecture

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks