Cited by 196Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMotor Control and AdaptationMemory and Neural Mechanisms

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The Brain’s Learning and Control Architecture

Chein, Jason M., Schneider, Walter·2012·Current Directions in Psychological Science

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Abstract

Many brain-imaging studies are designed with the goal of isolating brain regions responsible for a specific mental function. The results, which reveal islands of activity scattered about the brain, can give the impression that the brain is just a disorganized collection of specialized processing centers. However, examination of how brain activity changes as a new skill is learned reveals a structured learning architecture composed of three hierarchically organized systems, each with a distinct role in learning and each characterized by a distinct pattern of learning-dependent plasticity. These systems are a representation system, which supports associative learning; a cognitive control network, which allocates attention during the execution of newly learned behaviors; and a metacognitive system, which guides the establishment of new behavioral routines, monitors the quality of ongoing behaviors, and oversees the transitions from one behavior to another. The combined involvement of these systems allows humans to learn rapidly and to flexibly transfer existing knowledge to novel contexts.

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Authors: Chein, J. M., & Schneider, W.
Affiliations: Temple University (US)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: Chein, Jason M.
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-03-20
Volume: 21
Issue: 2
Pages: 78-84
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1177/0963721411434977
OpenAlex: W2124303906
Cited by: 196
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 3.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: associative learning, cognitive control, attention allocation, metacognition, behavioral routines, skill acquisition, knowledge transfer

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