Cited by 105Memory Processes and InfluencesIdentity, Memory, and TherapyMemory, History, Trauma, Identity

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Flashbulb Memories

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Hirst, William, Phelps, Elizabeth A.·2016·Current Directions in Psychological Science

DOI 10.1177/0963721415622487PMC PMC4795959

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Abstract

We review and analyze the key theories, debates, findings, and omissions of the existing literature on flashbulb memories (FBMs), including what factors affect their formation, retention, and degree of confidence. We argue that FBMs do not require special memory mechanisms and are best characterized as involving both forgetting and mnemonic distortions, despite a high level of confidence. Factual memories for FBM-inducing events generally follow a similar pattern. Although no necessary and sufficient factors straightforwardly account for FBM retention, media attention particularly shapes memory for the events themselves. FBMs are best characterized in term of repetitions, even of mnemonic distortions, whereas event memories evidence corrections. The bearing of this literature on social identity and traumatic memories is also discussed.

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Preface
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Problem Solving
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Memory Retrieval
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Glossary
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Cognitive Psychologists’ Approach to Research
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Visual Perception
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Visual Imagery
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Language Processing
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Language Structure
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Attention
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References
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Methods of Cognitive Psychology
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Long-Term Memory
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Index
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Long-Term Memory
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Authors: Hirst, W., & Phelps, E. A.
Affiliations: The New School (US)
New York University (US)
Corresponding author: Hirst, William
ORCID: Hirst, William
Phelps, Elizabeth A.
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2016-02
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 36-41
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1177/0963721415622487
PMC: PMC4795959
OpenAlex: W4249075521
Cited by: 105
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 7.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066972)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Memory, History, Trauma, Identity
Keywords: flashbulb memory, memory confidence, memory retention, forgetting, media attention, event memory, traumatic memory, social identity

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