Measuring Research and Development in Developing Countries: Main Characteristics and Implications for the Frascati Manual

Gaillard, Jacques

doi:10.1177/097172180901500104

Cited by 85scientometrics and bibliometrics researchResearch, Science, and AcademiaInnovation Policy and R&D

Measuring Research and Development in Developing Countries: Main Characteristics and Implications for the Frascati Manual

Gaillard, Jacques·2010·Science, Technology and Society

DOI 10.1177/097172180901500104

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Abstract

This article seeks to present the main characteristics of Research and Development (R&D) in developing countries using mainly available R&D statistics and to draw some implications for the Frascati Manual methodologies and its application. The main characteristics presented include trends and concentrations, relative share of Highly Qualified Skills (HQS) abroad, R&D expenditures, impact factor and the relative importance of international collaboration. R&D statistics in developing countries are still scarce, particularly in Africa. Furthermore, they may not fully explain the characteristics of R&D in developing countries, for example, the dynamics of R&D systems, R&D practices, informal behaviours and contributions, just to mention a few. It is, therefore, argued that beyond indicators, there is a need for complementary surveys to derive, inter alia, descriptors and narratives. In the concluding part, the particular characteristics of R&D in developing countries and the resulting consequences for R&D measurement are discussed, focusing on implications and recommendations, in view of a possible addition and/or future revision of the Frascati Manual.

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Mobility of highly skilled human resources due to growing internationalization of the labour market is creating a permanent brain drain.
“Moreover, mobility of highly skilled human resources due to the growing internationalization of the labour market is creating a permanent brain drain [62].”
From Barriers for conducting clinical trials in developing countries—A systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [62]

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Authors: Gaillard, J.
Affiliations: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (FR)
Corresponding author: Gaillard, Jacques
Venue: Science, Technology and Society
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2010-03
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 77-111
ISSN: 0971-7218 (ISSN-L)
0973-0796
DOI: 10.1177/097172180901500104
OpenAlex: W2030044803
Cited by: 85
References: 14
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 6.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Science Technology and Society (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Research, Science, and Academia
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Innovation Policy and R&D
Keywords: developing countries, R&D statistics, Frascati Manual, R&D investment, international R&D collaboration, R&D system, Africa, R&D indicators

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Measuring Research and Development in Developing Countries: Main Characteristics and Implications for the Frascati Manual

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