Community treatment orders in Australia: rates and patterns of use

Light, Edwina; Kerridge, Ian; Ryan, Christopher; Robertson, Michael

doi:10.1177/1039856212466159

Cited by 65Healthcare Decision-Making and RestraintsPsychiatric care and mental health servicesHealth, Medicine and Society

Community treatment orders in Australia: rates and patterns of use

Light, Edwina, Kerridge, Ian, Ryan, Christopher, Robertson, Michael·2012·Australasian Psychiatry

DOI 10.1177/1039856212466159

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Community treatment orders (CTOs) allow clinicians to provide unconsented outpatient treatment to people living with mental illness. Though controversial and of uncertain efficacy, CTOs are used throughout Australia and internationally. We sought to determine the prevalence of CTO use in Australian states and territories, and to examine changes in the pattern of use over time. METHOD: Australian state and territory mental health review tribunals and health departments were surveyed for the most recent annual data on the total number of CTOs made and the total number of individual people placed on a CTO. RESULTS: Rates of CTO use range from 30.2 per 100,000 population (in Tasmania) to 98.8 per 100,000 population (in Victoria). Use of CTOs in Australia is high by world standards, appears to be increasing over time, and varies significantly across jurisdictions. CONCLUSIONS: The high (by world standards), increasing and variable use of CTOs in Australia is concerning and raises important implications for mental health policymakers and legislators. Current mental health policy activity, particularly the new National Mental Health Commission, provides a unique opportunity to enhance transparency and accountability if regular and nationally uniform CTO data are collected and publically reported.

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Compulsory treatment for people with severe mental disorders in the community is used in many countries, including Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand, the UK, and the USA.
“Compulsory treatment for people with severe mental disorders in the community is used in many countries, including Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand, the UK, and the USA (Kanter 1995; Torrey 1995; Light 2012; Gray 2016).”
From Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders. (2017) · cites this paper as Light 2012

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Self-citation

Authors: Light, E., Kerridge, I., Ryan, C., & Robertson, M.
Affiliations: The University of Sydney (AU)
ORCID: Light, Edwina
Kerridge, Ian
Ryan, Christopher
Robertson, Michael
Venue: Australasian Psychiatry
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-11-06
Volume: 20
Issue: 6
Pages: 478-482
ISSN: 1039-8562 (ISSN-L)
1440-1665
DOI: 10.1177/1039856212466159
OpenAlex: W2116627402
Cited by: 65
References: 17
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 5.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Australasian Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, Medicine and Society
Keywords: community treatment orders, involuntary outpatient treatment, mental illness, mental health policy, Mental Health Review Tribunal, Australia
MeSH terms: Australia, Mental Disorders, Community Mental Health Services, Humans, Prevalence, Mandatory Programs

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Community treatment orders in Australia: rates and patterns of use

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