Benefits following community treatment orders have an inverse relationship with rates of use: meta-analysis and meta-regression
Open accessAbstract
Background: Community treatment order (CTO) use in Australia and New Zealand ranges from less than 40 per 100 000 population in Western Australia and Canterbury to over 100 per 100 000 in Victoria, South Australia and Waitemata. Recent publications on CTO use now permit a meta-regression to investigate whether differences in CTO use by jurisdiction affect either the possible predictors or outcomes of CTOs. Aims: To assess whether factors associated with CTO placement or subsequent outcomes vary by rates of use. Method: A systematic search of PubMed/Medline, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and PsycINFO for any Australian or New Zealand study comparing CTO cases with controls receiving voluntary psychiatric treatment. This study was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (protocol registration number: CRD42022351500). Results: There were 35 articles from 16 studies identified in the search, plus unpublished data from a further study. Of these, 29 publications were included in meta-analyses. Two were from New Zealand. People who were male, single and not engaged in work, study or home duties were significantly more likely to be on CTOs. In addition, those from migrant backgrounds were 47% more likely to be on an order. On meta-regression, cases in jurisdictions with higher CTO rates had higher proportions of females or individuals with diagnoses other than non-affective psychoses. High-use jurisdictions were also less likely to show reductions in readmission rates or bed-days. Conclusions: There are marked differences in the possible predictors and outcomes of CTO placement between high- and low-use jurisdictions in Australia and New Zealand. These findings may have implications elsewhere and indicate that better-targeted CTO placement might improve outcomes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Community treatment orders had no effects on court appearances.
“CTOs had no effects on court appearances.”
From The benefits and harms of community treatment orders for people diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses: A rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (2024) · cites this paper as Kisely et al. (2023)
The Results (Secondary outcomes) report that one study found CTOs were not associated with fewer subsequent court appearances than controls after adjustment for several variables. That supports a narrower statement than “no effects”: the paper reports one study’s finding about reductions, not an absence of any effect on court appearances. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOn meta-regression, jurisdictions with high rates of community treatment order use were less likely to show reductions in readmission rates or bed-days than those with lower rates.
“On meta-regression, jurisdictions with high rates of CTO use were less likely to show reductions in readmission rates or bed-days than those with lower rates.”
From The benefits and harms of community treatment orders for people diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses: A rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (2024) · cites this paper as Kisely et al. (2023)
The scope of individual reviews of community treatment orders has been limited, with quantitative reviews largely restricted to health service use and particular countries.
“The scope of individual reviews has also been limited, quantitative reviews largely being restricted to health service use (Barnett et al., 2018) and particular countries (Kisely et al., 2023).”
From The benefits and harms of community treatment orders for people diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses: A rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (2024) · cites this paper as Kisely et al., 2023
There were better outcomes for community treatment orders of > 2 years or from the 5th community treatment order onwards.
“There were better outcomes for CTOs of > 2 years or from the 5th CTO onwards.”
From The benefits and harms of community treatment orders for people diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses: A rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (2024) · cites this paper as Kisely et al. (2023)
Two Australian systematic reviews reported better outcomes in terms of reduced inpatient health service use for community treatment orders of greater than 2 years' duration or from the fifth community treatment order onwards.
“The two Australian SRs (Kisely et al., 2021, 2023) also reported that there were better outcomes in terms of reduced inpatient health service use for CTOs of greater than 2 years’ duration or from the fifth CTO onwards”
From The benefits and harms of community treatment orders for people diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses: A rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (2024) · cites this paper as Kisely et al., 2023
One systematic review from Australia and New Zealand reported an inverse relationship using meta-regression between state-wide rates of community treatment order placement and subsequent inpatient use, such that jurisdictions with low rates of community treatment order use were more likely to show reductions in readmission rates or bed-days than those with higher rates.
“One of the SRs from Australia and New Zealand also reported an inverse relationship using meta-regression between state-wide rates of CTO placement and subsequent inpatient use with the result that jurisdictions with low rates of CTO use were more likely to show reductions in readmission rates or bed-days than those with higher rates”
From The benefits and harms of community treatment orders for people diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses: A rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (2024) · cites this paper as Kisely et al., 2023
There were better outcomes for longer-term community treatment orders, or from the fifth community treatment order onwards, although the meaning of this is unclear.
“There were better outcomes for longer-term CTOs, or from the fifth CTO onwards, although the meaning of this is unclear”
From The benefits and harms of community treatment orders for people diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses: A rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (2024) · cites this paper as Kisely et al., 2023
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554 · see citing works
WINPEPI updated: computer programs for epidemiologists, and their teaching potential
Abramson, J. H. (2011) · Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations · doi:10.1186/1742-5573-8-1 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Fu, R., Gartlehner, G., Grant, M., Shamliyan, T., Sedrakyan, A., Wilt, T. J., Griffith, L., Oremus, M., Raina, P., Ismaila, A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.08.010 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Ethnic variations in pathways to and use of specialist mental health services in the UK
Bhui, K. S., Stansfeld, S. A., Hull, S., Priebe, S., Mole, F., & Feder, G. S. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.182.2.105 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders
Kisely, S. R., & Campbell, L. A. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004408.pub4 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationInternational experiences of using community treatment orders
Churchill, R. C., Owen, G. S., Singh, S. P., & Hotopf, M. H. (2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e622832007-001 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Converting between effect sizes
Polanin, J. R., & Snilstveit, B. (2016) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/cmpn.2016.3 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders.
Kisely, S. R., Campbell, L. A., & O'Reilly, R. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004408.pub5 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationVaughan, K., McConaghy, N., Wolf, C., Myhr, C., & Black, T. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00813.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Preston, N. J., Kisely, S. R., & Xiao, J. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7348.1244 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationKoh, Y., Hegney, D. G., & Drury, V. (2011) · International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare · doi:10.1111/j.1744-1609.2011.00242.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Barnett, P., Matthews, H., Lloyd-Evans, B., Mackay, E., Pilling, S., & Johnson, S. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30382-1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Conditional Release: A Less Restrictive Alternative to Hospitalization?
Segal, S. P., & Burgess, P. M. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.11.1600 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Community treatment orders in Australia: rates and patterns of use
Light, E., Kerridge, I., Ryan, C., & Robertson, M. (2012) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856212466159 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Bansal, N., Bhopal, R., Netto, G., Lyons, D., Steiner, M., & Sashidharan, S. (2014) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2013.814764 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Do community treatment orders for mental illness reduce readmission to hospital?
Burgess, P. M., Bindman, J. P., Leese, M., Henderson, C., & SZMUKLER, G. I. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0063-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cultural racism, language prejudice and discrimination in hospital contexts : an Australian study
Johnstone, M., & Kanitsaki, O. (2008) · Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Australian and Canadian Mental Health Acts Compared
Gray, J. E., McSherry, B., O’Reilly, R. L., & Weller, P. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.520009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Kisely, S. R., Preston, N. J., Xiao, J., Lawrence, D. M., Louise, S., Crowe, E., & Segal, S. P. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.010 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationSegal, S. P., Hayes, S. L., & Rimes, L. (2017) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201600161 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Kisely, S., Yu, D., Maehashi, S., & Siskind, D. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420954286 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationOutpatient commitment and coercion in New Zealand: A matched comparison study
McKenna, B. G., Simpson, A. I. F., & Coverdale, J. H. (2006) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.07.004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Effect of Conditional Release From Hospitalization on Mortality Risk
Segal, S. P., & Burgess, P. M. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.11.1607 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rates of use of community treatment orders in Australia
Light, E. (2019) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.02.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Community treatment orders in New Zealand: regional variability and international comparisons
O'Brien, A. J. (2014) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856214531080 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Light, E. M., Kerridge, I., Ryan, C. J., & Robertson, M. D. (2012) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja11.11216 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Johnstone, M., & Kanitsaki, O. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kisely, S. R., Moss, K., Boyd, M., & Siskind, D. J. (2019) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867419877690 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationThe utility of extended outpatient civil commitment
Segal, S. P., & Burgess, P. M. (2006) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2006.09.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Harris, A. W. F., Chen, W., Jones, S., Hulme, M. J., Burgess, P. M., & Sara, G. E. (2018) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867418758920 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Increased use of antipsychotic long-acting injections with community treatment orders
Patel, M. X., Matonhodze, J., Baig, M. K., Gilleen, J., Boydell, J. E., Holloway, F. A., Taylor, D. M., SZMUKLER, G. I., Lambert, T. J. R., & David, A. S. (2011) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125311407960 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Use of Community Treatment Orders to Prevent Psychiatric Hospitalization
Segal, S. P., & Burgess, P. M. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802206312 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Single nucleotide polymorphisms of taste genes and caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chisini, L. A., Cademartori, M. G., Conde, M. C. M., Costa, F. D. S., Salvi, L. C., Tovo‐Rodrigues, L., & Corrêa, M. B. (2020) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016357.2020.1832253 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Does compulsory or supervised community treatment reduce ‘revolving door’ care?
Kisely, S. R., & Campbell, L. A. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.035956 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationSegal, S. P., & Burgess, P. M. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.11.1614 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Xiao, J., Preston, N. J., & Kisely, S. R. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01429.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationMoss, K., Wyder, M., Braddock, V., Arroyo, D., & Kisely, S. R. (2018) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.09.007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationBeaglehole, B., Newton-Howes, G., & Frampton, C. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100275 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Community Treatment Orders and Human Rights
Dawson, J. (2008) · Law in context · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ogilvie, J., & Kisely, S. R. (2022) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2022.101813 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationKisely, S. R., Xiao, J., Crowe, E., Paydar, A., & Jian, L. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.036 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationMorandi, S., Golay, P., Lambert, M., Schimmelmann, B. G., McGorry, P. D., Cotton, S. M., & Conus, P. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.12.022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kisely, S. R., Xiao, J., & Jian, L. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.027 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of diagnosis on outcomes for compulsory treatment orders in New Zealand
Beaglehole, B., Newton‐Howes, G., Porter, R., & Frampton, C. M. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.547 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bardell-Williams, M., Eaton, S., Downey, L., Bowtell, M., Thien, K., Ratheesh, A., Killackey, E. J., McGorry, P. D., & O'Donoghue, B. N. (2018) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.11.007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Use of community treatment orders and their outcomes: an observational study
Weich, S., Duncan, C., Twigg, L., McBride, O., Parsons, H., Moon, G., Canaway, A., Madan, J., Crepaz-Keay, D., Keown, P., et al. (2020) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr08090 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Preventing Psychiatric Hospitalization and Involuntary Outpatient Commitment
Segal, S. P., & Burgess, P. M. (2009) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981380802605567 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Extended Outpatient Civil Commitment and Treatment Utilization
Segal, S. P., & Burgess, P. M. (2006) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1300/j010v43n02_04 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Vine, R., Turner, S., Pirkis, J., Judd, F. K., & Spittal, M. J. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415599847 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Parker, S., Arnautovska, U., McKeon, G. L., & Kisely, S. R. (2020) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101664 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSociodemographic and clinical variables associated with discharge under compulsory treatment orders
Dey, S., Mellsop, G. W., Obertová, Z., & Jenkins, M. (2020) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856220970054 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Brophy, L. M., Edan, V., Kisely, S. R., Lawn, S., Light, E. M., Maylea, C., Newton‐Howes, G., Ryan, C. J., Weller, P., & Zirnsak, T. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law · doi:10.19164/ijmhcl.28.1232 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationCommunity Treatment Orders (CTOs): a demographic cross-sectional analysis
Isobel, S., & Clenaghan, P. (2015) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856215604490 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Suetani, S., Kisely, S. R., Parker, S., Waterreus, A. J., Morgan, V. A., & Siskind, D. J. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211036032 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAre there any situations where community treatment orders are effective?
Kisely, S. R. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415605172 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCompulsory treatment order and rehospitalisation: A New Zealand study
Dey, S., Mellsop, G. W., Obertová, Z., & Jenkins, M. (2022) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562211057080 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 57 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kisely, S., Zirnsak, T., Corderoy, A., Ryan, C. J., & Brophy, L. (2024) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674241246436 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationWe have to cancel psychiatric nursing and forge a new way forward
Wand, T. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13301 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Compulsory community treatment orders (CTOs): recent research and future directions
Beaglehole, B., & Tennant, M. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.71 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kisely, S. R., Bull, C. F., Zirnsak, T., Edan, V., Gould, M., Lawn, S., Light, E. M., Maylea, C., Newton‐Howes, G., Ryan, C. J., et al. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.23 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationThe long‐term adherence following the end of Community Treatment Order: A systematic review
Cossu, G., Kalcev, G., Sancassiani, F., Primavera, D., Gyppaz, D., Zreik, T., & Carta, M. G. (2024) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13709 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kisely, S. R., Bull, C. F., Newton‐Howes, G., Zirnsak, T., Edan, V., Lawn, S., Light, E. M., Maylea, C., Ryan, C. J., Weller, P., et al. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2025.10317 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBull, C. F., Sara, G. E., Ryan, C. J., Brophy, L. M., Zirnsak, T., Newton‐Howes, G., Maylea, C., Light, E. M., Lawn, S., Weller, P., et al. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2026.10987 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationStaff Attitude Towards Coercive Measures in Hospital and Community Psychiatric Settings
Lorenzo, R. D., Mucchi, F., Magnani, N., Starace, F., Bonisoli, J., Bottone, C., Ragazzini, I., Ferri, P., & Marrama, D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14092886 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Schölin, L., Borschmann, R., & Chopra, A. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.751 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Against Coercion in Community Mental Health Services
O'Brien, A. J. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.70021 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kisely, S. R., Zirnsak, T., Maylea, C., Bull, C. F., & Brophy, L. M. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.718 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationKaranikolas, P. (2025) · Incarceration · doi:10.1177/26326663251383622 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ahmad, H., Forrest, A. D., & Rotenberg, M. (2025) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640251353689 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lawn, S., Zirnsak, T.-M., Spencer, T. J., Waddell, E., Fischer, J., Klass, T., Sansanwal, P., Light, E., Edan, V., Maylea, C., et al. (2026) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70770 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationNakhost, A., Sirotich, F., Simpson, A. I. F., & Law, S. (2025) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01444-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Coercive, treatment or sensible: What is the place of community treatment orders in psychiatry?
Newton‐Howes, G., & Beaglehole, B. (2025) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251331450 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The contribution of BJPsych Open to the growing relevance of legal epidemiology
Kisely, S. R., & Beaglehole, B. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10864
Self-citationCossu, G., Atzeni, M., Zreik, T., Tusconi, M., & Carta, M. G. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1712756
Shih, F.-C., & Chiu, H. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.70105
Bull, C. F., Gaekwad, A., Layton, J. M., Makooie, B., Guan, A., Narayanan, N., Light, E. M., & Kisely, S. R. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2026.11019
Self-citationHuman rights-based mental healthcare: new developments, introducing a themed series of papers
Herrman, H., Appelbaum, P. S., Galderisi, S., Sartorius, N., Allan, J., Savage, M., Rodrigues, M., Gill, N. S., & Cano, G. M. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2026.12022
Kisely, S. R., Brophy, L. M., Zirnsak, T., Lawn, S., Maylea, C., & Ryan, C. J. (2026) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674261473476
Self-citationKisely, S. R., Bull, C. F., Zirnsak, T., Edan, V., Lawn, S., Light, E. M., Maylea, C., Ryan, C. J., Sansanwal, P., Weller, P., et al. (2026) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674261489461
Self-citation
- Authors
- Kisely, S., McMahon, L., & Siskind, D.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Kisely, Steve
- Venue
- BJPsych Open
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2023-04-14
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e68-e68
- ISSN
- 2056-4724 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10134313
- OpenAlex
- W4365479195
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BJPsych Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (Emerging Leadership Fellowship: GNT1194635)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- community treatment orders, involuntary psychiatric treatment, readmission rates, bed days, migration background, sex differences, New Zealand
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
