Influence of dose and route on transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus to swine
Open accessAbstract
The susceptibility of swine to infection with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) was assessed. Transmission of EMCV in a single exposure by gavage or intranasal routes was highly dose dependent. In a direct comparison, animals were exposed to EMCV by gavage, intranasal, intramuscular, intratracheal, or transdermal routes. A higher proportion of animals exposed by transdermal (5/5), intratracheal (5/5), or intramuscular (5/5) routes than those exposed by intranasal (2/5) or gavage (3/5) routes became infected. The large quantity of virus required to infect animals intranasally or orally suggests that transmission by these routes may not occur routinely in the field. Transmission of EMCV by wound contamination (transdermally) has not been reported previously. Although EMCV was recovered from rectal, external genitalia, and pharyngeal swabs, there was no evidence of pig-to-pig transmission of EMCV from experimentally infected animals to comingled sentinels.
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The natural transmission cycles of EMCV in North America and globally are largely enigmatic.
“Overall, the natural transmission cycles of EMCV in North America (and globally) are largely enigmatic.”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
EMCV is principally rodent-borne, maintained in nature in wild rats and mice.
“EMCV is believed to be principally rodent-borne, being maintained in nature in wild rats and mice [10–12].”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
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Romey, A., Lamglait, B., Blanchard, Y., Touzain, F., Quenault, H., Relmy, A., Zientara, S., Blaise-Boisseau, S., & Bakkali-Kassimi, L. (2021) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/1040638720978389 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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“EMCV is believed to be principally rodent-borne, being maintained in nature in wild rats and mice [10–12].”
Influential
- Authors
- Zimmerman, J., Schwartz, K., Hill, H. T., Meetz, M. C., Simonson, R., & Carlson, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Iowa State University (US)
- Oxford Veterinary Laboratories, Number One Bio Drive, Worthington, MN 56187
- ORCID
- Zimmerman, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1993-07
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 317-321
- ISSN
- 1040-6387 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-4936
- OpenAlex
- W2156597788
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Vector-Borne Animal Diseases
- Keywords
- encephalomyocarditis virus, pigs, infection route, intranasal infection, gavage, intramuscular infection, intratracheal infection, wound contamination, infection susceptibility, Sentinel
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Encephalomyocarditis virus, Enterovirus Infections, Female, Male, Swine, Swine Diseases
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