The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Piezoelectret foam–based vibration energy harvesting
Abstract
The use of energy harvesting to provide power to low-power electronic devices has the potential to create autonomous, self-powered electronics. This article presents the investigation of a novel material for vibration-based energy harvesting. Piezoelectret foam, a lead-free, polymer-based electret material exhibiting piezoelectric-like properties, is investigated for low-power energy generation. An overview of the fabrication and operation of piezoelectret foams is first given. Mechanical testing is then performed, where anisotropy in the principal length directions is found along with Young’s moduli between 0.5 and 1 GPa and tensile strengths from 35 to 70 MPa. Dynamic electromechanical characterization is performed in order to measure the piezoelectric [Formula: see text] coefficient of the foam over a wide frequency range. The [Formula: see text] coefficient is found to be relatively constant at around 175 pC/N from 10 Hz to 1 kHz. Finally, the foam is evaluated as an energy harvesting material by first developing an electromechanical model to predict the voltage response during excitation, then performing dynamic experimentation to measure the voltage frequency response with comparisons to modeling predictions for a set of electrical loads, and finally conducting energy harvesting experimentation in which the foam is used to charge a capacitor. Harmonic excitation of a pre-tensioned 15.2 cm × 15.2 cm sample at 60 Hz and displacement of ± 73 µm yields an average power of 6.0 µW delivered to a 1 mF storage capacitor. The capacitor is charged to 4.67 V in 30 min, proving the ability of piezoelectret foam to supply power to small electronic components.
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In the citing paper
“Its Young's modulus is 3.6 GPa hence unpatterned PVDF is not stretchable either.17, 18”
From A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“According to the manufacturer datasheet (Table S1, Supporting Information), the in‐plane Young's modulus and strain sensitivity of the as‐purchased PVDF film are 2–4 GPa and 12 mV per microstrain (µε), respectively.17”
From A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a commercially available piezoelectric polymer that is mechanically robust and biocompatible.”
From A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Its electromechanical sensitivity was measured to be 11.1 mV per µε in the stretching direction but only 1.1 mV per µε in the transverse direction, which was not available in the datasheet.17”
From A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Thus, d 31 was computed to be 10 pC N−1 according to Equation (3), which is very different from the value listed in the datasheet (23 pC N−1).17”
From A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
Citations
Cites
Energy harvesting vibration sources for microsystems applications
Beeby, S. P., Tudor, M. J., & White, N. M. (2006) · Measurement Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/0957-0233/17/12/r01 · Cited by 3,008
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
Ertürk, A., & Inman, D. J. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119991151 · Cited by 1,912
A Review of Power Harvesting from Vibration Using Piezoelectric Materials
Sodano, H. A., Inman, D. J., & Park, G. (2004) · The Shock and Vibration Digest · doi:10.1177/0583102404043275 · Cited by 1,360
Cook-Chennault, K. A., Thambi, N., & Sastry, A. M. (2008) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/0964-1726/17/4/043001 · Cited by 1,250
A review of piezoelectric polymers as functional materials for electromechanical transducers
Ramadan, K., Sameoto, D., & Evoy, S. (2014) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/0964-1726/23/3/033001 · Cited by 1,062
Ferroelectrets: Soft Electroactive Foams for Transducers
Bauer, S., Gerhard, R., & Sessler, G. M. (2004) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.1688068 · Cited by 565
Gerhard, R. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation · doi:10.1109/tdei.2002.1038668 · Cited by 298
ElectroMechanical Film (EMFi) — a new multipurpose electret material
Paajanen, M., Lekkala, J. O., & Kirjavainen, K. (2000) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/s0924-4247(99)00269-1 · Cited by 289
Piezoelectricity in cellular electret films
Hillenbrand, J., & Sessler, G. M. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation · doi:10.1109/94.868074 · Cited by 211
Wegener, M., & Bauer, S. (2005) · ChemPhysChem · doi:10.1002/cphc.200400517 · Cited by 194
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- ASTM D 882-10, 2010, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
- Measurement Specialties, Inc., 1999, Piezo Film Sensors
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Safaei, M., Sodano, H. A., & Anton, S. R. (2019) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/1361-665x/ab36e4 · Cited by 874
Self-citationHa, T., Tran, J., Liu, S., Jang, H., Jeong, H., Mitbander, R., Huh, H., Qiu, Y., Duong, J., Wang, R. L., et al. (2019) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.201900290 · Cited by 220
A Flexible Piezoelectret Actuator/Sensor Patch for Mechanical Human–Machine Interfaces
Zhong, J., Ma, Y., Song, Y., Zhong, Q., Chu, Y., Karakurt, I., Bogy, D. B., & Lin, L. (2019) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b02437 · Cited by 213
Review of vibration-based energy harvesting technology: Mechanism and architectural approach
Yap, J. S., Lim, M. H., & Leong, M. S. (2018) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1002/er.3986 · Cited by 209
Cellular Polypropylene Piezoelectret for Human Body Energy Harvesting and Health Monitoring
Wu, N., Cheng, X., Zhong, Q., Zhong, J., Li, W., Wang, B., Hu, B., & Zhou, J. (2015) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201501695 · Cited by 187
Metadata
- Authors
- Anton, Sr., Farinholt, K., & Erturk, A.
- Affiliations
- Tennessee Technological University (US)
- Luna Innovations, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Venue
- Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-07-07
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1681-1692
- ISSN
- 1045-389X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8138
- OpenAlex
- W1973517834
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 15.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
- Keywords
- vibration energy harvesting, piezoelectric coefficient, electromechanical characterization, mechanical anisotropy, Young's modulus, tensile strength, electromechanical modeling, self-powered devices, low-power electronics, capacitor charging
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