Energy harvesting vibration sources for microsystems applications
Open accessAbstract
This paper reviews the state-of-the art in vibration energy harvesting for wireless, self-powered microsystems. Vibration-powered generators are typically, although not exclusively, inertial spring and mass systems. The characteristic equations for inertial-based generators are presented, along with the specific damping equations that relate to the three main transduction mechanisms employed to extract energy from the system. These transduction mechanisms are: piezoelectric, electromagnetic and electrostatic. Piezoelectric generators employ active materials that generate a charge when mechanically stressed. A comprehensive review of existing piezoelectric generators is presented, including impact coupled, resonant and human-based devices. Electromagnetic generators employ electromagnetic induction arising from the relative motion between a magnetic flux gradient and a conductor. Electromagnetic generators presented in the literature are reviewed including large scale discrete devices and wafer-scale integrated versions. Electrostatic generators utilize the relative movement between electrically isolated charged capacitor plates to generate energy. The work done against the electrostatic force between the plates provides the harvested energy. Electrostatic-based generators are reviewed under the classifications of in-plane overlap varying, in-plane gap closing and out-of-plane gap closing; the Coulomb force parametric generator and electret-based generators are also covered. The coupling factor of each transduction mechanism is discussed and all the devices presented in the literature are summarized in tables classified by transduction type; conclusions are drawn as to the suitability of the various techniques.
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Electromagnetic transduction can generate energy with higher power output than piezoelectric.
“some researches show that use of electromagnetic can generate energy with higher power output [12, 13].”
From A review of walking energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
Section 7, “Comparison of transduction mechanisms” (page not available), says the possible coupling coefficients of electromagnetic and piezoelectric generators are comparable and that their maximum power densities will be comparable. It does not present electromagnetic transduction as having higher power output than piezoelectric transduction. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Flexible triboelectric generator
Fan, F.-R., Tian, Z.-Q., & Lin Wang, Z. (2012) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004 · Cited by 6,705 · see citing works
Energy Harvesting From Human and Machine Motion for Wireless Electronic Devices
Mitcheson, P. D., Yeatman, E. M., Rao, G. K., Holmes, A. S., & Green, T. C. (2008) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2008.927494 · Cited by 1,888 · see citing works
Highly‐Efficient, Flexible Piezoelectric PZT Thin Film Nanogenerator on Plastic Substrates
Park, K., Son, J. H., Hwang, G., Jeong, C. K., Ryu, J., Koo, M., Choi, I., Lee, S. H., Byun, M., Wang, Z. L., et al. (2014) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201305659 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Park, K., Jeong, C. K., Ryu, J., Hwang, G., & Lee, K. J. (2013) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201300458 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self‐Powered Water Splitting Using Flowing Kinetic Energy
Tang, W., Han, Y., Han, C. B., Gao, C. Z., Cao, X., & Wang, Z. L. (2015) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201404071 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Luo, A., Zhang, Y., Dai, X., Wang, Y., Xu, W., Lu, Y., Wang, M., Fan, K., & Wang, F. (2020) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115762 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Cui, C., Wang, X., Yi, Z., Yang, B., Wang, X., Chen, X., Liu, J., & Yang, C. (2018) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.7b17585 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Piezoelectret foam–based vibration energy harvesting
Anton, Sr., Farinholt, K., & Erturk, A. (2014) · Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures · doi:10.1177/1045389x14541501 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
A review of walking energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials
Nia, E. M., Zawawi, N. A. W. A., & Singh, B. S. M. (2017) · IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/291/1/012026 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Harvesting kinetic energy of body during walking Study of energy harvesting has recently gained attention in order to power portable electronic devices [12, 13].”
BackgroundHarvesting kinetic energy from roadway pavement through an electromagnetic speed bump
Gholikhani, M., Nasouri, R., Tahami, S. A., Legette, S., Dessouky, S., & Montoya, A. (2019) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.060 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis
Ock, I. W., Yin, J., Wang, S., Zhao, X., Baik, J. M., & Chen, J. (2025) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202400563 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Cheng, X., Song, Y., Han, M., Meng, B., Su, Z., Miao, L., & Zhang, H. (2016) · Sensors and Actuators A: Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2016.05.051 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Design and Evaluation of Double-Stage Energy Harvesting Floor Tile
Isarakorn, D., Jayasvasti, S., Panthongsy, P., Janphuang, P., & Hamamoto, K. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11205582 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pressure Simulation for Footstep Energy Harvesting Paver
Chand, A. A., Prasad, K. A., Singh, S., Islam, F. R., Cirrincione, M., Mamun, K. A., & Narayan, S. (2019) · 2019 IEEE International Conference on Sensors and Nanotechnology · doi:10.1109/sensorsnano44414.2019.8940093 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Beeby, S. P., Tudor, M. J., & White, N. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Measurement Science and Technology
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2006-10-26
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- R175-R195
- ISSN
- 0957-0233 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6501
- OpenAlex
- W2151603769
- Cited by
- 3,008
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 187 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 220 · 2016: 232 · 2015: 222 · 2014: 241 · 2013: 233 · 2012: 190
- FWCI
- 155.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Measurement Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/D042917/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced MEMS and NEMS Technologies
- Keywords
- vibration energy harvesting, self-powered microsystems, piezoelectric generators, electromagnetic generator, electrostatic generator, coupling coefficient
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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