The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Time, Interaction, and Performance (TIP): A Theory of Groups
Abstract
This article presents a theory of groups. The theory takes a more molarperspective on groups than has often been the case in group research. It gives special emphasis to temporal processes in group interaction and task performance. The three main sections of the article present the theory as a series of propositions about the nature of groups, temporal processes in group behavior, and temporal aspects of interaction, respectively. The final section presents brief comments on some implications and potential applications of the theory.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,517
Research in Organizational Behavior
Hammer, E. R., Cummings, L. L., & Staw, B. M. (1984) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258300 · Cited by 10,806
The Social Psychology of Groups
Kenkel, W. F., Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3709294 · Cited by 5,898
Educational Organizations as Loosely Coupled Systems
Weick, K. E. (1976) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391875 · Cited by 5,142
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-3182 · Cited by 4,690
Groups: Interaction and Performance.
Polley, R. B., & McGrath, J. E. (1984) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393041 · Cited by 3,290
Self-citationInterpersonal Relations: A Theory of Interdependence
Hansen, D. A., Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1982) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351281 · Cited by 2,782
TIME AN TRANSITION IN WORK TEAMS: TOWARD A NEW MODEL OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT.
Gersick, C. J. G. (1988) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256496 · Cited by 2,133
Group process and productivity
Steiner, I. D. (1972) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,106
Interpersonal relations — a theory of interdependence
Maldé, B. (1979) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0003-6870(79)90259-x · Cited by 1,764
Cited by
Computer-Mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyperpersonal Interaction
WALTHER, J. B. (1996) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365096023001001 · Cited by 4,798
Knowledge Transfer: A Basis for Competitive Advantage in Firms
Argote, L., & Ingram, P. (2000) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2893 · Cited by 4,164
What Makes Teams Work: Group Effectiveness Research from the Shop Floor to the Executive Suite
Cohen, S. G., & Bailey, D. E. (1997) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639702300303 · Cited by 3,526
Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams
Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Leidner, D. E. (1999) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.10.6.791 · Cited by 2,903
Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams
Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Ilgen, D. R. (2006) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00030.x · Cited by 2,623
Metadata
- Authors
- Mcgrath, J. E.
- Venue
- Small Group Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1991-05
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 147-174
- ISSN
- 1046-4964 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8278
- OpenAlex
- W2171020951
- Cited by
- 1,019
- References
- 45
- FWCI
- 11.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Time, Interaction, and Performance (TIP): A Theory of Groups. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/1046496491222001
- The paper
- Mcgrath, J. E. (1991). Time, Interaction, and Performance (TIP): A Theory of Groups. Small Group Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496491222001
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
