Health Information—Seeking Behavior

“Lambert and Loiselle (2007) propose that anxiety is not always reduced by more information and that the reverse may be true.”

“It is understood, as Lambert & Loiselle (2007) puts it, as ways to which symptoms are responded, evaluated, and played by an individual is subjected to that illness, feels uncomfortable or reads other mal-bodily signs.”

“18,19 25 – 27 Notably, with recent advancements in large language models (LLMs), the capabilities of VAs show improved comprehension and responses.”

“Health information seeking is commonly defined as purposive efforts to obtain and use health-related information to interpret symptoms, understand conditions and options, and guide decisions about self-care and professional consultation [14].”

“Various models of information-seeking behaviors have been described in the literature (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007; Zare-Farashbandi & Lalazaryan, 2014).”

“The earlier research underlines the importance of having access to HI that is both accurate and relevant, empowering individuals to make choices that positively impact their health and well-being (Ghahramani & Wang, 2020; Jia et al., 2021; Lambert & Loiselle, 2007).”

“Finally, in data analysis, this methodological combination was used for data completeness, and provided insight into the similarities and differences of the group (social) and the individual (sub - jective) realities (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007, 2008; Morse et al., 2002).”

“35 This information-seeking behavior also ampli fi es their fear and worry about cancer, 66 which in turn may impact their willingness to change lifestyle behavior.”

“Similarly, individuals with a strong interest in personal health often proactively seek out health-related information (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007) and, consequently, may have encountered information in specialist books (e.g., Servan-Schreiber, 2011) or websites (e.g., Men’s Health, 2014) about…”

“…are at different risk levels of the diseases due to biological differences (Rubin et al., 2020), when Page 2 of 18 facing the same diseases, one’s attitude towards help-seeking and information-seeking influenced by gender norms can also lead to different health outcomes (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007).”

“Health Information Seeking Health information seeking is one’s purposeful acquisition of information about health, risk, illness, and health-protective behavior (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007).”

“The inclusion criteria for articles were as follows: (a) focus on the behavior of perinatal women when actively and intentionally seeking health-related information (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007).”

“E-mail: saritadavis@gsu.edu 641 HEALTH-SEEKING INFORMATION Lambert and Loiselle (2007) described health-seeking information as the process by which individuals seek the type and amount of health-related information.”

“Second, information exchange during the consultation affects decisions made by the two parties and can have an impact on adherence to medical recommendations (Lambert and Loiselle 2007).”

“On the other hand, Lambert and Loiselle (2007) listed several barriers of the online activities for seniors: limited access to the internet due to old computers or slower and cheaper connection to the internet; limited access to the new technologies and fewer technological skills; difficulties in…”

“This in turn can aid in early intervention, which can be beneficial for positive health outcomes (Lambert and Loiselle, 2007).”

“HISB is widely defined as all the ways in which individuals go about obtaining health information [7], from which some sub-concepts have been derived, e.”

“Health information seeking is affected by various factors including health perceptions, health status, and demographic background (Lambert and Loiselle, 2007; Jacobs et al., 2017; Rayani et al., 2021).”

“Mobile health information- seeking behaviour (MHISB) refers to individuals' behaviour in searching, obtaining, and using health information through the internet and mobile devices that are driven by awareness and demand for health information (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007; Tao et al., 2015).”

“The second problem is that although individuals may recognize an information need, they may choose not to search for information due to fear (Lambert and Loiselle 2007, 682), anxiety and worry, lack of search skills and unavailability of information sources (Godbold 2006, 1014), or lack of time…”

“There is consistent evidence showing that the flow of information exchanged during the consultation is very critical for the formulation of diagnosis and the organization of treatment (Lambert and Loiselle 2007).”

“Risk perceptions can drive information seeking, which may lead to resources that encourage activities to promote health and manage illness (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007).”

“Across a variety of health conditions, individuals who engage in HISB have better health outcomes [43].”

“The mere exposure effect 131 of information exposure suggests that individuals can develop a positive attitude under the repeated stimulation of receiving information.”

“The model which stands out as one of the most profound theories in health behavior research (Jacobs et al., 2017; Lambert & Loiselle, 2007; Onuora et al., 2021), is premised on the assumption that individuals’ health actions are prompted by their perception of the gains and benefits of health…”

“Explanatory approaches for health-related information action offer the first indications of relevant predictors [4– 6].”

“Health information seeking is a process or activity of attempting to obtain needed information via technical or human interactions.(11) For the purpose of this report, we characterize lung cancer screening discussions with a healthcare provider as information seeking as a provider referral is strongly recommended for…”

“Moreover, specific behaviors are outcomes of information behaviors [37] and after systematically processing COVID-related health information, people may adopt protective behaviors such as wearing a face mask.”

“6,11,14 This disparity between the ages is partly attributed to difficulties for the elderly in using telecommunications devices.”

“In the study of health communication, health information seeking behavior (HISB) refers to individuals seeking information about health, risks, diseases, and health protection in specific events or situations [37].”

“이로 인해 대부분의 환자들은 제공된 정보에 만족하 지 못하여(Lambert & Loiselle, 2007), 대학이나 잘 알려진 의료기관과 같은 우수한 기관을 접속하여 정보를 얻거나 다른 환자의 경험에 대해 매우 신뢰하는 경향이 나타나는데(Rozmovits & Ziebland, 2004), 때로는 부적절하거나 불충분한 정보가 많아 환자가 이에 의존하여 자가관리를 할 경우 위험 의 소지가 있을 수 있다.”

“This central variable has been critiqued as being only partially developed (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007) but was nonetheless carried over to the online context without scrutiny.”

“In health-promoting movements and psychosocial reconciliation to sickness, gaining knowledge about one’s health is widely documented as a fundamental defense mechanism [1].”

“Health information-seeking behaviour is defined as strategies individuals use to seek information about their health, risk, illnesses, and health-protective behaviours as a mean to understand and cope with their health problems (1).”

“Over the last two decades, researchers have paid close attention to patients’ health information-seeking behavior (HISB), with the expectation that patients with active HISB are more likely to make informed decisions and, as a result, have a higher quality of life which reduces fear, anxiety and stress (3).”

“Therefore, the findings of this study highlight the special attention to be paid to individual factors by reproductive health centers and associations to solve the issues in the HISB.”

“45 The reduced likelihood that Black participants searched these types of information, particularly prevention-related information, might explain the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on the Black community.”

“Health-seeking behavior refers to individuals’ ways of seeking information about health, disease, disease risks, and preventive health behaviors (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007).”

“The information needs of cancer patients include coping and information seeking is considered a key coping strategy in health-promotive activities and psychosocial adjustment to illness (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007).”

“Studies have investigated models of information search behaviour and information source usage in different situations (for example Abbott, 1997; Lambert & Loiselle, 2007; Theodosiou & Green, 2003; Warner & Procaccino, 2004).”

“Health-related information seeking has been increasingly documented as a critical coping strategy in health-promotion activities and psychosocial adjustment to health changes (Lambert and Loiselle, 2007).”

“13 A central goal of our research program is to understand HISB in the context of college life.”

“50 Empirical research consistently underscores the positive ties between information seeking and both behavioral precursors and intentions.”

“Traditionally, research in health information behavior focuses on information seeking, often among groups of people who share a specific diagnosis (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007).”

“…facing a health challenge, including both problem-focused functions (such as better understanding the health challenge and making informed decisions) and emotion-focused coping functions (like reducing the negative effects of uncertainty and providing reassurance) (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007).”

“Various studies have shown that people’s gender affects the information-seeking process and attitude of people toward it [74, 75].”

“…that individuals have unique experiences and perspectives thoughts and emotions, social perceptions, behaviors, and interactions (Meyer et al., 2020), which aligns with the foci of (health) information behavior research (e.g., Lambert & Loiselle, 2007; Johnson & Case, 2012; Meyers et al., 2007).”

“16 Clear readability and comprehensibility of information on COVID-19 are crucial for enabling individuals, regardless of their educational background, to make informed decisions and adopt essential preventive measures.”

“This term is defined as “the ways in which individuals obtain information” [25].”

“Health information-seeking refers to the methods individuals use to acquire information related to health, illness, health promotion, and health risks [60].”

“However, these studies primarily focused on patients’ psychological behaviors of seeking information on disease diagnosis and care [13].”

“Conversely, those who seek CPI are more likely to adopt preventive behaviors.(24) Therefore, understanding CPI seeking behavior of cancer patients and their families can inform future interventions that would advance meeting their infor-”

“For example, patients with the flu are more likely to seek online medical information whereas those with cancer are more likely to seek help directly from medical professionals (Lambert & Loiselle, 2007).”

“Though online communities support health can support information-seeking [24], positive health behavior change [25], disease treatment [26], and other collaborative activities, tensions and disagreement about the state of reality are also common [27] especially in complex and uncertain information…”

“Asking subjects to rank a list of sources in order of what they go to first/use most is an established approach to quantifying health information seeking behavior (Basch et al., 2018; Lambert & Loiselle, 2007), but future research that defines SMU in more detail would be beneficial.”

“What more since little is known about the link of health literacy with health information-seeking type [22-23] this paper distinguishes between four digital health literacy indicators associated with different types of health-related information searched on the Internet i.e., general health…”

“Health information seeking is an intentional (e.g., Lambert & Loiselle, 2007) act of “seeking and receiving messages or information to reduce the uncertainty associated with health status and build confidence in the context of health” (Hamzah et al., 2015, p. 7) by acquiring information on medical…”

“This need for information supports individuals in coping with health-threatening situations, participating in decision-making, and initiating behavioural changes [29].”