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The Effects of Surfing and the Natural Environment on the Well-Being of Combat Veterans
Open accessAbstract
Although researchers have identified the benefits of physical activity on well-being, there is little evidence concerning the effects of nature-based physical activity. We investigated the effect of one nature-based activity—surfing—on the well-being of combat veterans experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted interviews and participant observations with a group of combat veterans belonging to a United Kingdom-based veterans’ surfing charity. Our primary analytical approach was dialogical narrative analysis. Based on our rigorous analysis and findings, we suggest that surfing facilitated a sense of respite from PTSD. Respite was a fully embodied feeling of release from suffering that was cultivated through surfing and shaped by the stories veterans told of their experiences. We significantly extend previous knowledge on physical activity, combat veterans, and PTSD by highlighting how nature-based physical activity, encapsulated in the conceptual notion of the “blue gym,” can promote well-being among combat veterans.
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“Female and male military service members and veterans demonstrate respite from (PTSD) symptoms utilizing surf therapy, including decreased depression and anxiety, as well as increased positive affect.”
From The Groundswell Community Surf Therapy Intervention for At-Risk Women and Changes in Body Acceptance, Resilience, and Emotional Regulation (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Positive mental health outcomes have been found among surf-therapy participants, including veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (caddick et al., 2015), at-risk youth (Godfrey et al., 2015; McKenzie et al., 2021) and children with special needs (armitano et al., 2015; clapham et al., 2014).”
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Harnessing the Four Elements for Mental Health
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“This paper reflects on key issues which arose during and as a result of conducting my doctoral research with veterans, rather than on the research topic itself of surfing and PTSD, which has been covered elsewhere (e.g. Caddick and Smith 2017; Caddick, Smith, and Phoenix 2015a, 2015b).”
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“…within the WOW intervention aligns not only with wider physical activity for mental health literature (Lubans et al., 2016), but also with previous research exploring surf therapy (Caddick et al., 2015; Marshall et al., 2019, 2020b) including exploratory research with WOW (McKenzie et al., 2021).”
InfluentialWalter, K. H., Otis, N. P., Miggantz, E. L., Ray, T. N., Glassman, L. H., Beltran, J. L., Elliott, K. T. K., & Michalewicz-Kragh, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1185774 · Cited by 13
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“Considering the diversity of surf therapy interventions operating in culturally and linguistically diverse groups [e.g., war veterans [55], children and adolescents in post-conflict zones [56]], researchers should refrain from utilizing surveys designed to assess constructs within a particular…”
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“Additional qualitative studies include Caddick, Smith and Phoenix (5) who explored the effects of surfing on combat veterans experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder and found their well-being was enhanced by regular participation in the sport.”
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Bettmann, J. E., Anderson, I., Makouske, J., & Hanley, A. W. (2021) · Journal of Experiential Education · doi:10.1177/10538259211049535 · Cited by 11
“Recent research found a PTSD prevalence of 23% across nearly five million veterans (Fulton et al., 2015).”
InfluentialWalter, K. H., Otis, N. P., Glassman, L. H., Ray, T. N., Michalewicz-Kragh, B., Elliott, K. T. K., & Thomsen, C. J. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100435 · Cited by 14
Qualitative fieldwork in medical contexts: confessions of a neophyte researcher
Sanders, P., Wadey, R., Day, M. C., & Winter, S. (2017) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2017.1351390 · Cited by 10
“…in natural settings) to understand the world from the participants’ point of view and facilitate a more in-depth understanding of the richness, complexity and multifaceted relationships within natural environments (for examples of such work, see Caddick et al. 2015a, 2015b, Cavallerio et al. 2016).”
BackgroundEvans, A. B., Andreassen, S. M. N., & Virklund, A. W. (2019) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2019.1672774 · Cited by 9
Cosgriff, M. (2023) · Sport Education and Society · doi:10.1080/13573322.2023.2170345 · Cited by 9
“Beach and ocean-based leisure, sport and education cultures and practices including in surfing (e.g. Caddick et al., 2015; Evers, 2019; lisahunter & Stoodley, 2021; Waiti & Awatere, 2019; Wheaton et al., 2017), ocean swimming (e.g. Britton & Foley, 2021; Costello et al., 2019; Foley, 2015); waka…”
BackgroundWade, M. T., Julian, J. P., Jeffery, K. S., & Davidson, S. M. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12061137 · Cited by 11
Nordic-Baltic cooperation in adult education: A collective story of Estonian adult educators
Jõgi, L., & Karu, K. (2017) · International Review of Education · doi:10.1007/s11159-017-9628-3 · Cited by 9
Walker, P. A., & Kampman, H. (2021) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1995056 · Cited by 10
“Two studies have found promising findings on how to facilitate growth experiences among combat veterans: both white water rafting, and surfing have been found to be effective [5,38], which raises the question about whether scuba diving could do the same.”
BackgroundResultReturn to surfing using an adapted prosthesis
Schvirtz, E., Bensoussan, L., Couderc, B. T., Viton, J. M., Delarque, A., & Kerzoncuf, M. (2018) · Prosthetics and Orthotics International · doi:10.1177/0309364618757785 · Cited by 8
Lessard, G., Gagnon, D. H., & Vincent, C. (2020) · Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s40737-020-00187-4 · Cited by 8
COMBAT SURFERS: A NARRATIVE STUDY OF VETERANS, SURFING, AND WAR TRAUMA
Caddick, N., & Smith, B. M. (2017) · Movimento (Porto Alegre) · doi:10.22456/1982-8918.71264 · Cited by 8
Self-citationØstergaard, E. B., Sparre, P. W., & Dahlgaard, J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12101004 · Cited by 10
Moran, R., Sperandei, S., Peel, N., Gray, T. L., & Reis, A. C. (2024) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2024.100629 · Cited by 7
Denton, H., Robertson, S., Ciccognani, S., Meddings, S., White, P., Elsby-Pearson, C., Jhans, A., Burlingham, A., Cunningham, R., Harper, C. M., et al. (2024) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103312 · Cited by 7
Nature, activity, and social drivers of mental resilience: a test with mid-life women surfers
Buckley, R., & Cooper, M. (2025) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2024.2437716 · Cited by 7
“…children (Scarf et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2023), including surfing (Gardiner et al., 2023); adults with post-traumatic stress disorders (Caddick et al., 2015; Walter et al., 2019); and women in outdoor recreation (Doran et al., 2021), especially in socially conservative countries…”
Falaix, L., Lemarié, J., & Lafargue, J. (2021) · Géocarrefour · doi:10.4000/geocarrefour.18491 · Cited by 7
Usher, L. E. (2023) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2023.2224370 · Cited by 7
Glassman, L. H., Otis, N. P., Elliott, K. T. K., Michalewicz-Kragh, B., & Walter, K. H. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21020241 · Cited by 6
“This may speak to the psychological benefits of surf and hike therapies across a variety of different populations [63,64], including those with different psychological conditions [65–67].”
BackgroundDevelopment and Application of Local Coastal Knowledge: Insights from New Zealand Surfers
Campbell, O., & Orchard, S. (2023) · Coasts · doi:10.3390/coasts3030011 · Cited by 6
Place attachment, wellbeing, and conservation in surf destination communities
Mach, L., Rothrock, E., Stark, S., & Nahmias, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.3389/frsut.2024.1387081 · Cited by 5
Dean, J., Anne, C., Ma, T., McDaid, L. M., Pollock, D., & Boyle, F. M. (2023) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100690 · Cited by 5
Smith‐MacDonald, L., Pike, A., Jones, C., & Brémault‐Phillips, S. (2022) · Trauma Care · doi:10.3390/traumacare2020010 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Caddick, N., Smith, B., & Phoenix, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Venue
- Qualitative Health Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-09-04
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 76-86
- ISSN
- 1049-7323 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7557
- OpenAlex
- W2166801435
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 5.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Qualitative Health Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Adventure Sports and Sensation Seeking
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Keywords
- surfing, combat veterans, post-traumatic stress disorder, nature-based physical activity, well-being, respite, embodiment, physical activity and mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, United Kingdom, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Oceans and Seas, Sports, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Narrative Therapy
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