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Cited by 2,695Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology

Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies

Open access
Keng, Shian-Ling, Smoski, Moria J., Robins, Clive J.·2011·Clinical Psychology Review
DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006PMC PMC3679190
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Abstract

Within the past few decades, there has been a surge of interest in the investigation of mindfulness as a psychological construct and as a form of clinical intervention. This article reviews the empirical literature on the effects of mindfulness on psychological health. We begin with a discussion of the construct of mindfulness, differences between Buddhist and Western psychological conceptualizations of mindfulness, and how mindfulness has been integrated into Western medicine and psychology, before reviewing three areas of empirical research: cross-sectional, correlational research on the associations between mindfulness and various indicators of psychological health; intervention research on the effects of mindfulness-oriented interventions on psychological health; and laboratory-based, experimental research on the immediate effects of mindfulness inductions on emotional and behavioral functioning. We conclude that mindfulness brings about various positive psychological effects, including increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, and improved behavioral regulation. The review ends with a discussion on mechanisms of change of mindfulness interventions and suggested directions for future research. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006

Cites

226 of 226 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

29 of 210 cited sources checked · 21 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Mindfulness training reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory.

    “Two studies (Hargus et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2000) have shown that mindfulness training reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory, a construct that has been associated with increased severity of depression and suicidality (Kuyken & Brewin, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hargus et al., 2010 source

      The Discussion says MBCT did not increase the specificity of participants’ descriptions of a past suicidal crisis. Specificity stayed the same in the MBCT group, while the comparison group’s descriptions became more overgeneral. The study therefore does not show that mindfulness training reduced overgeneral memory. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Williams et al., 2000 source
  • Findingcitation

    MBSR improves positive affect.

    “It has been found to improve positive affect (Anderson et al., 2007; Bränström et al., 2010), Nyklíček, & Kuijpers, 2008)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Anderson et al., 2007 source
    • cites Bränström et al., 2010 source
    • cites Nyklíček, & Kuijpers, 2008 source
  • Findingcitation

    Trait mindfulness is negatively correlated with a range of psychological symptoms and maladaptive processes.

    “Studies have also demonstrated significant negative correlations between mindfulness and depression (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Cash & Whittingham, 2010), neuroticism (Dekeyser et al., 2008; Giluk, 2009), absent-mindedness (Herndon, 2008), dissociation (Baer et al., 2006; Walach et al., 2006), rumination (Raes & Williams, 2010), cognitive reactivity (Raes, Dewulf, Van Heeringen, & Williams, 2009), social”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Brown & Ryan, 2003 source
    • cites Cash & Whittingham, 2010 source
    • cites Baer et al., 2006 source
  • Findingcitation

    Long-term mindfulness meditation experience is linked to greater gray matter density in regions active during meditation, such as the right anterior insula, left inferior temporal gyrus, and right hippocampus.

    “greater gray matter concentration in brain areas that have been found to be active during meditation, including the right anterior insula, left inferior temporal gyrus, and right hippocampus (Hölzel et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hölzel et al., 2008 source
  • Findingcitation

    Long-term mindfulness meditation experience is linked to greater cortical thickness in areas involved in attention, interoception, and sensory processing, such as the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula.

    “extensive mindfulness meditation experience is associated with increased thickness in brain regions implicated in attention, interoception, and sensory processing, including the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula (Lazar et al., 2005)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lazar et al., 2005 source
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 6
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    MBSR improves mindfulness.

    “mindfulness (Anderson et al., 2007; Shapiro, Oman, Thoresen, Plante, & Flinders, 2008; Nyklíček, & Kuijpers, 2008)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Anderson et al., 2007 source
    • cites Shapiro, Oman, Thoresen, Plante, & Flinders, 2008 source
    • cites Nyklíček, & Kuijpers, 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Mindfulness is associated with better performance on sustained attention tasks and greater persistence.

    “Two other studies have also demonstrated an association between mindfulness and enhanced performance on tasks assessing sustained attention (Schmertz, Anderson, & Robins, 2009) and persistence (Evans, Baer, & Segerstrom, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Schmertz et al., 2009 source
    • cites Evans et al., 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Among undergraduate students, mindfulness is related to fewer negative automatic thoughts and a greater ability to let go of them.

    “Frewen, Evans, Maraj, Dozois, and Partridge (2008) found that, among undergraduate students, mindfulness was related both to a lower frequency of negative automatic thoughts and to an enhanced ability to let go of those thoughts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Frewen et al., 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    During an affect labeling task, trait mindfulness is linked to less bilateral amygdala activation and more widespread prefrontal cortical activation.

    “Creswell, Way, Eisenberger, and Lieberman (2007) found that trait mindfulness was associated with reduced bilateral amygdala activation and greater widespread prefrontal cortical activation during an affect labeling task.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Creswell et al., 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Meditators report higher mindfulness, self-compassion, and overall well-being than non-meditators.

    “Meditators reported significantly higher levels of mindfulness, self-compassion and overall sense of well-being”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lykins & Baer, 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Mindfulness meditation experience is associated with higher self-reported mindfulness and psychological well-being.

    “as well as higher levels of self-reported mindfulness and psychological well-being.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ortner et al., 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Mindfulness meditation experience is associated with reduced interference from unpleasant pictures at 1 and 4 second delays and from pleasant pictures at 4 second delay only.

    “A participant's mindfulness meditation experience was significantly associated with reduced interference both from unpleasant pictures (for 1 and 4 second delays) as well as pleasant pictures (for 4 second delay only)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ortner et al., 2007 source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    MBSR improves forgiveness.

    “forgiveness (Oman et al., 2008)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oman et al., 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Eleven randomized trials of DBT or its adaptations have been conducted to date.

    “To date, 11 randomized trials of DBT, or adaptations of it, have been conducted (Lynch, Trost, Salsman, & Linehan, 2007; Robins & Chapman, 2004)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lynch, Trost, Salsman, & Linehan, 2007 source
    • cites Robins & Chapman, 2004 source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    Standard outpatient DBT is more effective than TAU or another active treatment in reducing substance use among individuals with comorbid BPD and substance use disorders.

    “and in reducing substance use among individuals with co-morbid BDP and substance use disorders (Linehan et al., 1999; Linehan et al., 2002)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Linehan et al., 1999 source
    • cites Linehan et al., 2002 source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    MBSR improves sense of cohesion.

    “sense of cohesion (Weissbecker et al., 2002)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Weissbecker et al., 2002 source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    MBSR improves self-compassion.

    “self compassion (Shapiro et al., 2005)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shapiro et al., 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    In Buddhist teachings, mindfulness more fundamentally involves observing one's perception of and reactions toward sensory objects than focusing on features of sensory objects themselves.

    “in Buddhist teachings, mindfulness more fundamentally has to do with observing one's perception of and reactions toward sensory objects than focusing on features of the sensory objects themselves.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Overall, mindfulness is positively linked to various psychological health indicators, including greater positive affect, life satisfaction, vitality, and adaptive emotion regulation, and fewer negative affect and psychopathological symptoms.

    “Overall, evidence from correlational research suggests that mindfulness is positively associated with a variety of indicators of psychological health, such as higher levels of positive affect, life satisfaction, vitality, and adaptive emotion regulation, and lower levels of negative affect and psychopathological symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisereasoning

    Western practice places less emphasis on non-self and impermanence than traditional Buddhist teachings.

    “Western practice generally places less emphasis on non-self and impermanence than traditional Buddhist teachings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    In early Buddhist teachings, mindfulness refers specifically to introspective awareness of one's physical and psychological processes and experiences.

    “in early Buddhist teachings, mindfulness refers rather specifically to an introspective awareness with regard to one's physical and psychological processes and experiences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    In Buddhist tradition, mindfulness is one factor in an interconnected system of practices necessary for liberation from suffering.

    “At the contextual level, mindfulness in the Buddhist tradition is viewed as one factor of an interconnected system of practices that are necessary for attaining liberation from suffering, the ultimate state or end goal prescribed to spiritual practitioners in the tradition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Mindfulness meditation practice may enhance psychological well-being by increasing mindfulness and reducing reactivity to emotional stimuli through disengagement of attention from stimuli.

    “These findings suggest that mindfulness meditation practice may enhance psychological well-being by increasing mindfulness and attenuating reactivity to emotional stimuli by facilitating disengagement of attention from stimuli.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ortner et al., 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    In Buddhism, mindfulness is practiced against the backdrop of reflecting on impermanence, non-self, and suffering.

    “At the process level, mindfulness, in the context of Buddhism, is to be practiced against the psychological backdrop of reflecting on and contemplating key aspects of the Buddha's teachings, such as impermanence, non-self, and suffering.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Western conceptualizations view mindfulness as awareness encompassing all objects in internal and external experience, including external sensory objects.

    “This is contrast to certain Western conceptualizations of mindfulness, which view mindfulness as a form of awareness that encompasses all forms of objects in one's internal and external experience, including features of external sensory objects like sights and smells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Buddhist and Western conceptualizations of mindfulness differ at contextual, process, and content levels.

    “Arguably, Buddhist and Western conceptualizations of mindfulness differ in at least three levels: contextual, process, and content.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Western conceptualization of mindfulness is generally independent of any specific philosophy, ethical code, or system of practices.

    “Western conceptualization of mindfulness, on the other hand, is generally independent of any specific circumscribed philosophy, ethical code, or system of practices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Emerging neurobiological and laboratory behavioral evidence suggests that trait mindfulness and mindfulness meditation may reduce reactivity to emotional stimuli and improve psychological well-being.

    “There is also burgeoning evidence from neurobiological and laboratory behavioral research that indicates the potential roles of trait mindfulness and mindfulness meditation practices in reducing reactivity to emotional stimuli and enhancing psychological well-being.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Training in focused awareness and acceptance may reduce emotional reactivity to negative stimuli and increase willingness to remain in contact with them.

    “The findings of these studies suggest that training in two key elements of mindfulness practice (focused awareness and acceptance) may reduce emotional reactivity to negative stimuli and increase willingness to remain in contact with them.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a community sample of smokers, both mindfulness and suppression strategies increased self-efficacy associated with coping with cigarette craving.

    “The study found that whereas both strategies reduced self-reported amount of smoking and increased self-efficacy associated with coping with cigarette craving, only those in the mindfulness condition reported significant decreases in negative affect and depressive symptoms and marginal decreases in nicotine dependence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rogojanski, Vettese, & Antony, 2011 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    Mindfulness training may change how people respond to urges rather than lowering the urges themselves.

    “As the authors noted, mindfulness training may alter responses to urges, rather than reducing urges.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bowen and Marlatt (2009) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a community sample of smokers, both mindfulness and suppression strategies reduced self-reported amount of smoking.

    “The study found that whereas both strategies reduced self-reported amount of smoking and increased self-efficacy associated with coping with cigarette craving, only those in the mindfulness condition reported significant decreases in negative affect and depressive symptoms and marginal decreases in nicotine dependence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rogojanski, Vettese, & Antony, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a CO2 challenge study, high emotional avoidance participants reported higher anxiety than low emotional avoidance participants in the suppression condition, but not in the observation condition.

    “High emotional avoidance participants reported higher anxiety than low emotional avoidance participants in the suppression condition, but not in the observation condition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Feldner, Zvolensky, Eifert, and Spira (2003) source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Pilot trials of mindfulness interventions for alcohol and substance use problems have reported promising results.

    “Researchers have reported promising results in pilot trials of mindfulness interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Zylowska et al., 2008), bipolar disorder (Miklowitz et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al., 2010), generalized anxiety disorder (Evans et al., 2008; Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedne”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bowen et al., 2006 source
    • cites Witkiewitz et al., 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The positive psychological effects of mindfulness range from increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, to improved regulation of behavior.

    “These effects ranged from increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, to improved regulation of behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    There is an increasingly substantial research body pointing to a number of psychological processes that may serve as key mechanisms of effects of mindfulness interventions.

    “There is also an increasingly substantial research body pointing to a number of psychological processes that may serve as key mechanisms of effects of mindfulness interventions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
31 of 31

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Self-report measures of mindfulness rely on the assumption that mindfulness can be assessed through declarative knowledge.

    “which rely on the assumption that mindfulness is assessable by declarative knowledge (Brown et al., 2007)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The positive psychological effects of mindfulness interventions are attributable to mindfulness training itself rather than to nonspecific factors.

    “Little is yet known regarding for whom and under what conditions mindfulness training is most effective”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Mindfulness, viewed as a trait-like quality that can be increased through practice, may relate to lower mood and anxiety symptoms and related risk factors in people with asthma.

    “Mindfulness, conceptualized as a trait-like factor that can be increased through formal or informal practices (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004), may be associated with lower levels of mood and anxiety symptomatology and risk factors for these disorders among individuals with asthma (Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011).”

    From Evaluating the role of mindfulness in terms of asthma-related outcomes and depression and anxiety symptoms among individuals with asthma. (2019) · cites this paper as Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011

    The review’s “Relationship between Trait Mindfulness and Psychological Health” section reports negative correlations between mindfulness and depression, social anxiety, and several related factors. Its “Mechanisms of Effects of Mindfulness Interventions” section also reports that training can increase trait mindfulness. Neither passage establishes these associations specifically among people with asthma; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Meditation and mindfulness-based practice primarily operates through attentional regulation and physiological modulation of stress responses.

    “One of the most extensively studied spiritual pathways is meditation and mindfulness-based practice, which primarily operates through attentional regulation and physiological modulation of stress responses (Schuman-Olivier et al., 2020; Keng et al., 2011).”

    From From use to abuse: psychological, neurobiological, and spiritual pathways in relational harm and recovery (2026) · cites this paper as Keng et al., 2011

    The 'Mechanisms of Effects of Mindfulness Interventions' section reports that mindfulness training may improve attentional control and several components of attention. The review also describes reduced physiological arousal during transcendental meditation, but does not establish modulation of physiological stress responses as a primary mechanism of meditation and mindfulness-based practice generally. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Studies have consistently demonstrated moderate to strong effect sizes for MBIs in improving symptoms of anxiety, depression, pain, and sleep disturbances.

    “Although studies have consistently demonstrated moderate to strong effect sizes for MBIs in improving symptoms of anxiety, depression, pain, and sleep disturbances, 30,31”

    From Nursing Implications of Mindfulness-Informed Interventions for Stroke Survivors and Their Families. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]

    The Controlled Studies section on MBSR reports reductions in self-reported anxiety and depression, supporting those outcomes. It does not establish moderate-to-strong effect sizes across all four outcomes: the effect-sizes passage concerns treatment exposure, the chronic-pain passage describes MBSR’s original purpose rather than a pain result, and the sleep search found no treatment outcome. The claim overstates both the breadth and the magnitude of the reported evidence. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Psychological well-being has a high positive correlation with mindfulness.

    “Psychological well-being has a high positive correlation with mindfulness; the latter mainly comprises awareness and non-judgmental acceptance of our moment-wise experience (Keng et al., 2011).”

    From Knowledge of COVID-19 and Its Influence on Mindfulness, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Psychological Flexibility in the Indian Community (2020) · cites this paper as Keng et al., 2011

    The review’s “Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health” section says mindfulness is positively associated with several indicators of psychological well-being, but it does not establish that the correlation is high. The paper also describes mindfulness in terms of awareness and nonjudgmental acceptance of moment-to-moment experience. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Trait mindfulness has been found to protect against maladaptive behaviors among university students with benefits for psychological health outcomes.

    “trait mindfulness has been found to protect against maladaptive behaviors among university students with benefits for psychological health outcomes (Kabat-Zinn, 2003; Keng et al., 2011; McConville et al., 2017; Single et al., 2019; Tomlinson et al., 2018).”

    From Specific mindfulness traits protect against negative effects of trait anxiety on medical student wellbeing during high-pressure periods (2021) · cites this paper as Keng et al., 2011

    In “Relationship between Trait Mindfulness and Psychological Health” (page unavailable), the review reports correlations between trait mindfulness and psychological health, including studies of undergraduates and a finding of fewer negative automatic thoughts among them. It does not establish that trait mindfulness protects university students from maladaptive behaviors; “protects” implies a causal effect beyond the reported associations. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

7 of the 233 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Bagchi, 1957, Electrophysiological correlates of some yogi exercises, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 132
  2. Buchheld, 2001, Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 11

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Authors
Keng, S.-L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J.
Affiliations
  • Duke University (US)
  • Duke Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Keng, Shian-Ling
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-08
Volume
31
Issue
6
Pages
1041-1056
ISSN
0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006
PMC
PMC3679190
OpenAlex
W1970433269
Cited by
2,687
References
233
Citations by year
2026: 166 · 2025: 274 · 2024: 231 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 228 · 2021: 199 · 2020: 237 · 2019: 198 · 2018: 181 · 2017: 165 · 2016: 167 · 2015: 151 · 2014: 128 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 49
FWCI
12.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH087754)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
  • Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Keywords
mindfulness, mental health, mindfulness-based interventions, Buddhist psychology, Western psychology, subjective well-being, psychological symptoms, emotional reactivity, behavioral regulation, mechanisms of change, mindfulness induction
MeSH terms
Awareness, Humans, Mental Health, Stress, Psychological, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Meditation, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical

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