Cited by 219Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research Topics

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Psychometric assessment of the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS) among Chinese adolescents.

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Black, David S., Sussman, Steve, Johnson, C. Anderson, Milam, Joel·2012·Assessment

DOI 10.1177/1073191111415365PMC PMC3705937

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Abstract

The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) has the longest empirical track record as a valid measure of trait mindfulness. Most of what is understood about trait mindfulness comes from administering the MAAS to relatively homogenous samples of Caucasian adults. This study rigorously evaluates the psychometric properties of the MAAS among Chinese adolescents attending high school in Chengdu, China. Classrooms from 24 schools were randomly selected to participate in the study. Three waves of longitudinal data (N = 5,287 students) were analyzed. MAAS construct, nomological, and incremental validity were evaluated as well as its measurement invariance across gender using latent factor analyses. Participants' mean age was 16.2 years (SD = 0.7), and 51% were male. The 15-item MAAS had adequate fit to the one-dimensional factor structure at Wave 1, and this factor structure was replicated at Wave 2. A 6-item short scale of the MAAS fit well to the data at Wave 3. The MAAS maintained reliability (Cronbach's α = .89-.93; test-restest r = .35-.52), convergent/discriminant validity, and explained additional variance in mental health measures beyond other psychosocial constructs. Both the 15- and 6-item MAAS scales displayed at least partial factorial invariance across gender. The findings suggest that the MAAS is a sound measure of trait mindfulness among Chinese adolescents. To reduce respondent burden, the MAAS 6-item short-scale provides an option to measure trait mindfulness.

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Introduction
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Authors: Black, D. S., Sussman, S., Johnson, C. A., & Milam, J.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Claremont Graduate University (US)
ORCID: Black, David S.
Sussman, Steve
Johnson, C. Anderson
Milam, Joel
Venue: Assessment
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2011-08-03
Volume: 19
Issue: 1
Pages: 42-52
ISSN: 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
1552-3489
DOI: 10.1177/1073191111415365
PMC: PMC3705937
OpenAlex: W2071186202
Cited by: 218
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 5.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (P50CA084735, T32CA009492, T32-CA09492)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, trait mindfulness, Chinese adolescents, psychometric validation, measurement invariance, gender differences, short scale, factor structure, nomological network, incremental validity, mental health, high school students
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Attention, Awareness, China, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Psychometrics, Sex Factors, Statistics as Topic, Time Factors, Confidence Intervals, Chi-Square Distribution, Young Adult, Self Report

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Psychometric assessment of the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS) among Chinese adolescents.

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