The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Examining the Factor Structure of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a Post-9/11 U.S. Military Veteran Sample
Open accessAbstract
The present study examined the structural validity of the 25-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a large sample of U.S. veterans with military service since September 11, 2001. Participants ( N = 1,981) completed the 25-item CD-RISC, a structured clinical interview and a self-report questionnaire assessing psychiatric symptoms. The study sample was randomly divided into two subsamples: an initial sample (Sample 1: n = 990) and a replication sample (Sample 2: n = 991). Findings derived from exploratory factor analysis (EFA) did not support the five-factor analytic structure as initially suggested in Connor and Davidson’s instrument validation study. Although parallel analyses indicated a two-factor structural model, we tested one to six factor solutions for best model fit using confirmatory factor analysis. Results supported a two-factor model of resilience, composed of adaptability- (8 items) and self-efficacy-themed (6 items) items; however, only the adaptability-themed factor was found to be consistent with our view of resilience—a factor of protection against the development of psychopathology following trauma exposure. The adaptability-themed factor may be a useful measure of resilience for post-9/11 U.S. military veterans.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Resilience has been identified as an important factor that enables individuals adapt to and recover from emotionally, physically, and psychologically distressing situations and trauma [17,20].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors
Cattell, R. B. (1966) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 · Cited by 13,554
The application of electronic computers to factor analysis
Kaiser, H. F. (1960) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446002000116 · Cited by 12,459
Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10113 · Cited by 11,793
Self-citationEvaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272 · Cited by 9,587
A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis
Horn, J. L. (1965) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289447 · Cited by 8,965
Bonanno, G. A. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20 · Cited by 6,851
The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report.
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700048017 · Cited by 6,650
Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-b · Cited by 6,643
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Arbuckle J. L., 2006, Amos
- Bitsika V., 2010, German Journal of Psychiatry, 13, 9
- 10.1037//1040-3590.7.3.309 · DOI · Paper page
- First M. B., 1994, Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I DSM-IV Disorders
- Gucciardi D., 2011, Journal of Sport and Exercise, 12, 423
- Kabacoff R., 1995, Journal of Business, 4, 1
- 10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.1 · DOI · Paper page
- Nunnally J., 1994, Psychometric theory
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Academic Resilience Scale (ARS-30): A New Multidimensional Construct Measure
Cassidy, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01787 · Cited by 878
Chang, C., Dong, D., He, J., Zhong, X. B., & Yao, S. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.018 · Cited by 227
Resilience in Health and Illness.
Babić, R., Babić, M., Rastović, P., Ćurlin, M., Šimić, J., Mandić, K., & Pavlović, K. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 179
Resilience measurement in later life: A systematic review and psychometric analysis
Cosco, T. D., Kaushal, A., Richards, M., Kuh, D., & Stafford, M. (2016) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-016-0418-6 · Cited by 149
Wu, L. M., Tan, Y., & Liu, Y. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1219-0 · Cited by 152
Metadata
- Authors
- Green, K. T., Hayward, L. C., Williams, A. M., Dennis, P. A., Bryan, B. C., Taber, K. H., Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, E. A. C. C. W., Davidson, J. R. T., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., Ingle, S. J., Miller-Mumford, M., McDonald, S. D., Pickett, T. C., Yoash-Gantz, R. E., Brancu, M., Morey, R. A., Strauss, J. J., Tupler, L. A., & Dennis, M. F.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Syracuse VA Medical Center (US)
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Durham VA Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-02-27
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 443-451
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC4147024
- OpenAlex
- W1990014824
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 10.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DukeSpace (Duke University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH062482)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, resilience, factor structure, military veterans, post-9/11 veterans, adaptability, self-efficacy, psychopathology, trauma exposure, psychiatric symptoms, structural validity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Veterans, Reproducibility of Results, Terrorism, Resilience, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
