Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.

Fabrigar, Leandre R.; Wegener, Duane T.; MacCallum, Robert C.; Strahan, Erin J.

doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272

Cited by 9,587Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychology Research and BibliometricsMental Health Research Topics

Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.

Fabrigar, Leandre R., Wegener, Duane T., MacCallum, Robert C., Strahan, Erin J.·1999·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272

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Abstract

Despite the widespread use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research, researchers often make questionable decisions when conducting these analyses. This article reviews the major design and analytical decisions that must be made when conducting a factor analysis and notes that each of these decisions has important consequences for the obtained results. Recommendations that have been made in the methodological literature are discussed. Analyses of 3 existing empirical data sets are used to illustrate how questionable decisions in conducting factor analyses can yield problematic results. The article presents a survey of 2 prominent journals that suggests that researchers routinely conduct analyses using such questionable methods. The implications of these practices for psychological research are discussed, and the reasons for current practices are reviewed. Since its initial development nearly a century ago (Spearman, 1904, 1927), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has been one of the most widely used statistical procedures in psychological research. Despite this

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The standardized loading coefficients for each observed item were significantly greater than 0.5, and the construct reliabilities (CR) were all greater than 0.7 and average variance extractions (AVE) all greater than 0.5, indicating high aggregation validity.
“The standardized loading coefficients for each observed item were significantly greater than 0.5, implying a high level of correlation between each dimension and its constituent latent variables (Table 1) [70]. The construct reliabilities (CR) of the latent variables were all greater than 0.7 and their average variance extractions (AVE) were all greater than 0.5, indicating high aggregation valid”
From Health and Wellness Tourists’ Motivation and Behavior Intention: The Role of Perceived Value (2023) · cites this paper as [70]
The variance inflation factors (VIFs) of the question items were all less than 3, and there was no significant multicollinearity among the items.
“The variance inflation factors (VIFs) of the question items were all less than 3, and there was no significant multicollinearity among the items [70].”
From Health and Wellness Tourists’ Motivation and Behavior Intention: The Role of Perceived Value (2023) · cites this paper as [70]
The factor loadings of the measurement items were all greater than 0.5, meeting internal consistency reliability requirements.
“The results showed that the factor loadings were all greater than 0.5, meaning that they all met the internal consistency reliability requirements [70,71].”
From Health and Wellness Tourists’ Motivation and Behavior Intention: The Role of Perceived Value (2023) · cites this paper as [70]
The sample size is by and large specified by the nature of the data.
“Therefore, the sample size is by and large specified by the nature of the data (Fabrigar et al., 1999).”
From Applied Psychometrics: Sample Size and Sample Power Considerations in Factor Analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in General (2018) · cites this paper as Fabrigar et al., 1999
Maximum Likelihood factoring is suitable for determining latent factors.
“The ML method is suitable for determining latent factors (Fabrigar et al., 1999)”
From Measuring undergraduate students’ reliance on generative AI during problem-solving: Scale development and validation. (2025) · cites this paper as Fabrigar et al., 1999

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Hakstian, A. R. (1971) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291397 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Regression Equations for the Latent Roots of Random Data Correlation Matrices with Unities on the Diagonal.
Allen, S. J., & Hubbard, R. (1986) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A Cautionary Note on the Use of Principal Components Analysis
Borgatta, E. F., Kercher, K. A., & Stull, D. E. (1986) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124186015001011 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Note on the scientific status of factors.
Overall, J. E. (1964) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046664 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
SOME NOTES ON THE NUMBER OF FACTORS PROBLEM
Hakstian, A. R., & Muller, V. J. (1973) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0804_4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Cautionary Note on the Use of Principal Components Analysis
Hubbard, R., & ALLEN, S. J. (1987) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124187016002005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The scientific nature of factors: A demonstration by cups of coffee
Cattell, R. B., & Sullivan, W. (2007) · Systems Research and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/bs.3830070204 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
EVIDENCE ON THE SIMPLE STRUCTURE AND FACTOR INVARIANCE ACHIEVED BY FIVE ROTATIONAL METHODS ON FOUR TYPES OF DATA
Dielman, T. E., Cattell, R. B., & WAGNER, A. (1972) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0702_7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Factors in Factoring Behavior
McNemar, Q. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02288800 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
An Introduction to Multivariate Techniques for Social and Behavioral Sciences.
Frane, M. V., Frane, J. W., Bennett, S., et al. (1978) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2286552 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
ON THE INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY OF FACTORS
Horn, J. L. (1969) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0401_9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Noniterative Factor Analysis Estimators, With Algorithms for Subset and Instrumental Variable Selection
Cudeck, R. A. (1991) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986016001035 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Least Squares and Latent Variables
Bookstein, F. L. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Factorial stability as a function of the number of orthogonally-rotated factors
Levonian, E., & Comrey, A. L. (1966) · Systems Research and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/bs.3830110511 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Factor Score Reliabilities and Domain Validities
Gorsuch, R. L. (1980) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316448004000412 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Whatever Happened to Broad Perspective?
Rozeboom, W. W. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An Empirical Investigation of Some Special Cases of the General "Orthomax" Criterion for Orthogonal Factor Transformation
Hakstian, A. R., & Boyd, W. M. (1972) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316447203200101 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

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Sorted by citations

The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
Developing and validating trust measures for e-commerce: an integrative typology
McKnight, D. H., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.13.3.334.81 · Cited by 5,550 · see citing works
Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis
Hair, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069 · Cited by 5,446 · see citing works
Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002 · Cited by 5,435 · see citing works
Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC): validation of a 10-item measure of resilience
Campbell‐Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20271 · Cited by 3,575 · see citing works
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications.
Thompson, B. (2004) · doi:10.1037/10694-000 · Cited by 3,469 · see citing works
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies.
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Brown, T. A., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., Clark, L. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000258 · Cited by 3,335 · see citing works
The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work.
Morgeson, F. P., & Humphrey, S. E. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321 · Cited by 2,994 · see citing works
Mapping the moral domain.
Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021847 · Cited by 2,666 · see citing works
The Mini-IPIP Scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five Factors of Personality.
Donnellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, B. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192 · Cited by 2,442 · see citing works
Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice
Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405282485 · Cited by 2,454 · see citing works
The Sources of Four Commonly Reported Cutoff Criteria: What Did They Really Say?
Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428105284919 · Cited by 2,053 · see citing works
Applied Psychometrics: Sample Size and Sample Power Considerations in Factor Analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in General
Kyriazos, T. A. (2018) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2018.98126 · Cited by 1,882 · see citing works
“…indicated by high communalities, no cross-loadings, strong primary loadings per factor and also additional variables like the nature of the data, number of factors, number of items per factor (MacCallum, Widaman, Zhang, & Hong, 1999; Fabrigar et al., 1999; Costello & Osborne, 2005; DeVellis, 2017).”
Background
Understanding the Mechanisms Through Which an Influential Early Childhood Program Boosted Adult Outcomes
Heckman, J., Pinto, R., & Savelyev, P. (2013) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.103.6.2052 · Cited by 1,628 · see citing works
Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis
Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0023353 · Cited by 1,634 · see citing works
Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire
Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (2003) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(03)00030-4 · Cited by 1,533 · see citing works
The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20326 · Cited by 1,456 · see citing works
Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective measuring instruments.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000626 · Cited by 1,470 · see citing works
A Review of Exploratory Factor Analysis Decisions and Overview of Current Practices: What We Are Doing and How Can We Improve?
Howard, M. C. (2016) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664 · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
An Updated Guideline for Assessing Discriminant Validity
Rönkkö, M., & Cho, E. (2022) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428120968614 · Cited by 1,309 · see citing works
Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership
Barbuto, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601106287091 · Cited by 1,288 · see citing works
The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006 · Cited by 1,298 · see citing works
Mental Health Provider Attitudes Toward Adoption of Evidence-Based Practice: The Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS)
Aarons, G. A. (2004) · Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1023/b:mhsr.0000024351.12294.65 · Cited by 1,272 · see citing works
The authentic personality: a theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the authenticity scale
Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Ten Steps in Scale Development and Reporting: A Guide for Researchers
Carpenter, S. (2018) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
Further psychometric support for the 10-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale
Roberti, J. W., Harrington, L. N., & Storch, E. A. (2006) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2006.tb00100.x · Cited by 984 · see citing works
In search of underlying dimensions: The use (and abuse) of factor analysis in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Russell, D. W. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702237645 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States
Browning, M. H. E. M., Larson, L. R., Sharaievska, I., Rigolon, A., McAnirlin, O., Mullenbach, L., Cloutier, S., Vu, T. M., Thomsen, J., Reigner, N., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245327 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Cultural difference in motivations for using social network sites: A comparative study of American and Korean college students
Kim, Y., Sohn, D., & Choi, S. M. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.015 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Initial Psychometric Properties of the Experiences Questionnaire: Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Decentering
Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Linguistic Features Identify Alzheimer’s Disease in Narrative Speech
Fraser, K. C., Meltzer, J. A., & Rudzicz, F. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150520 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
The Risks and Rewards of Speaking Up: Managerial Responses to Employee Voice
Burris, E. R. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0562 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
THE STRUCTURE OF CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION BASED ON SEVEN MAJOR PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRES
ROBERTS, B. W., CHERNYSHENKO, O. S., STARK, S., & GOLDBERG, L. R. (2005) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00301.x · Cited by 786 · see citing works
The Tinnitus Functional Index: Development of a New Clinical Measure for Chronic, Intrusive Tinnitus
Meikle, M. B., Henry, J. A., Griest, S. E., Stewart, B. J., Abrams, H. B., McArdle, R., Myers, P. J., Newman, C. W., Sandridge, S., Turk, D. C., et al. (2012) · Ear & Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0b013e31822f67c0 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
The Person–Situation Debate Revisited: Effect of Situation Strength and Trait Activation on the Validity of the Big Five Personality Traits in Predicting Job Performance
Judge, T. A., & Zapata, C. P. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0837 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Role of media reports in completed and prevented suicide: Werther v. Papageno effects
Niederkrotenthaler, T., Voracek, M., Herberth, A., Till, B., Strauss, M., Etzersdorfer, E., Eisenwort, B., & Sonneck, G. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.074633 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Impacts of the CARE for Teachers program on teachers’ social and emotional competence and classroom interactions.
Jennings, P. A., Brown, J. L., Frank, J. L., Doyle, S., Oh, Y., Davis, R., Rasheed, D., DeWeese, A., DeMauro, A. A., Cham, H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000187 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood.
Vignoles, V. L., Owe, E., Becker, M., Smith, P. B., Easterbrook, M. J., Brown, R., González, R., Didier, N., Carrasco, D., Cadena, M. P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000175 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
User acceptance of YouTube for procedural learning: An extension of the Technology Acceptance Model
Lee, D. Y., & Lehto, M. R. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.001 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
The implementation leadership scale (ILS): development of a brief measure of unit level implementation leadership
Aarons, G. A., Ehrhart, M. G., & Farahnak, L. R. (2014) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-9-45 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Assessing the organizational context for EBP implementation: the development and validity testing of the Implementation Climate Scale (ICS)
Ehrhart, M. G., Aarons, G. A., & Farahnak, L. R. (2014) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0157-1 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Validation and psychometric properties of a short version of Young’s Internet Addiction Test
Pawlikowski, M., Altstötter-Gleich, C., & Brand, M. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.014 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Disentangling Components of Flexibility via the Hexaflex Model: Development and Validation of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI)
Rolffs, J. L., Rogge, R. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116645905 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Using Principal Components and Factor Analysis in Animal Behaviour Research: Caveats and Guidelines
Budaev, S. V. (2010) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01758.x · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Are Scores on <scp>H</scp>ofstede's Dimensions of National Culture Stable over Time? A Cohort Analysis
Beugelsdijk, S., Maseland, R., & van Hoorn, A. (2015) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1098 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Translation and Validation of Body Image Instruments: Challenges, Good Practice Guidelines, and Reporting Recommendations for Test Adaptation
Swami, V., & Barron, D. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.014 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Managing to Stay in the Dark: Managerial Self-Efficacy, Ego Defensiveness, and the Aversion to Employee Voice
Fast, N. J., Burris, E. R., & Bartel, C. A. (2014) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2012.0393 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
The complexities of complex span: Explaining individual differences in working memory in children and adults.
Bayliss, D. M., Jarrold, C., Gunn, D. M., & Baddeley, A. D. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.71 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Shah, P., & Jonides, J. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0364-z · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Multimodal Presence Scale for virtual reality environments: A confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory approach
Makransky, G., Lilleholt, L., & Aaby, A. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.066 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Latent structure of the Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale: a 10-year systematic review
Cosco, T. D., Doyle, F., Ward, M., & McGee, H. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.06.008 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
A Reconsideration of the Self-Compassion Scale’s Total Score: Self-Compassion versus Self-Criticism
López, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A., & Schroevers, M. J. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132940 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Confirmatory analysis of exploratively obtained factor structures
van Prooijen, J.-W., & van der Kloot, W. A. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131640121971518 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
An Adaptation and Extension of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale <sup>1</sup>
Mackenzie, C. S., Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L., & Macaulay, H. L. (2004) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01984.x · Cited by 368 · see citing works
A meta-analytic investigation of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.
Yufik, T., & Simms, L. J. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020981 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Evidence for three subtypes of repetitive behavior in autism that differ in familiality and association with other symptoms
Lam, K. S. L., Bodfish, J. W., & Piven, J. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01944.x · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Defining key features of the broad autism phenotype: A comparison across parents of multiple‐ and single‐incidence autism families
Losh, M., Childress, D., Lam, K., & Piven, J. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30612 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
The Central Role of Engagement in Online Communities
Ray, S., Kim, S. S., & Morris, J. G. (2014) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2014.0525 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Mathematics anxiety in young children: concurrent and longitudinal associations with mathematical performance
Vukovic, R. K., Kieffer, M. J., Bailey, S. P., & Harari, R. R. (2013) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2012.09.001 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Development and Validation of an Inventory to Assess Mealtime Behavior Problems in Children with Autism
Lukens, C. T., & Linscheid, T. R. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0401-5 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
On the dimensionality of the System Usability Scale: a test of alternative measurement models
Borsci, S., Federici, S., & Lauriola, M. (2009) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0268-9 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Assessing worry in older adults: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and psychometric properties of an abbreviated model
Hopko, D. R., Reas, D. L., Beck, J. G., Stanley, M. A., Wetherell, J. L., Novy, D. M., & Averill, P. M. (2003) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.2.173 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A literature update, critique of methodology, and agenda for future research
Elhai, J. D., & Palmieri, P. A. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.04.007 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Psychometric properties in general community samples
Preece, D. A., Becerra, R., Robinson, K., & Gross, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2018.1564319 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Developing a measure of sluggish cognitive tempo for children: content validity, factor structure, and reliability
Penny, A. M., Waschbusch, D. A., Klein, R. M., Corkum, P., & Eskes, G. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0016600 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Assessing body awareness and autonomic reactivity: Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Body Perception Questionnaire‐Short Form (BPQ‐SF)
Cabrera, A., Kolacz, J., Pailhez, G., Bulbena‐Cabre, A., Bulbena, A., & Porges, S. W. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1596 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Negative Effects of Psychological Treatments: An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Negative Effects Questionnaire for Monitoring and Reporting Adverse and Unwanted Events
Rozental, A., Kottorp, A., Boettcher, J., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157503 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Examining the dimensionality of effortful control in preschool children and its relation to academic and socioemotional indicators
Allan, N. P., & Lonigan, C. J. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023748 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Openness to Experience: Its Lower Level Structure, Measurement, and Cross-Cultural Equivalence
Woo, S. E., Chernyshenko, O. S., Longley, A., Zhang, Z.-X., Chiu, C.-Y., & Stark, S. E. (2014) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.806328 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The relationship between dispositional mindfulness, attachment security and emotion regulation
Goodall, K., Trejnowska, A., & Darling, S. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.008 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Trust, Individualism and job characteristics as predictors of employee preference for teamwork
Kiffin-Petersen, S., & Cordery, J. (2003) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190210158538 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Fear of Autonomous Robots and Artificial Intelligence: Evidence from National Representative Data with Probability Sampling
Liang, Y., & Lee, S. A. (2017) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-017-0401-3 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Delineating and validating higher-order dimensions of psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study
Michelini, G., Barch, D. M., Tian, Y., Watson, D., Klein, D. N., & Kotov, R. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0593-4 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Food choice questionnaire (FCQ) revisited. Suggestions for the development of an enhanced general food motivation model
Fotopoulos, C., Krystallis, A., Vassallo, M., & Pagiaslis, A. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.09.014 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Measuring values and committed action with the Engaged Living Scale (ELS): psychometric evaluation in a nonclinical sample and a chronic pain sample.
Trompetter, H. R., ten Klooster, P. M., Schreurs, K. M. G., Fledderus, M., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0033813 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
An expectancy value theory (EVT) based instrument for measuring student perceptions of generative AI
Chan, C. K. Y., & Zhou, W. (2023) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-023-00284-4 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The work-related acceptance and action questionnaire: Initial psychometric findings and their implications for measuring psychological flexibility in specific contexts
Bond, F. W., Lloyd, J., & Guenole, N. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12001 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Preferences for positive psychology exercises
Schueller, S. M. (2010) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439761003790948 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Psy-Flex: A contextually sensitive measure of psychological flexibility
Gloster, A. T., Block, V. J., Klotsche, J., Villanueva, J., Rinner, M. T. B., Benoy, C., Walter, M., Karekla, M., & Bader, K. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.09.001 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Approaches to learning, need for cognition, and strategic flexibility among university students.
Evans, C. J., Kirby, J. R., & Fabrigar, L. R. (2003) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709903322591217 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Further clarifying prospective and inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty: Factorial and construct validity of test scores from the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale.
Hong, R. Y., & Lee, S. S. M. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000074 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Measuring Mindfulness: First Steps Towards the Development of a Comprehensive Mindfulness Scale
Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0102-9 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The process of change in cognitive therapy for depression: predictors of early inter-session symptom gains.
Strunk, D. R., Brotman, M. A., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.011 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Impulsivity and suicidality in adolescent inpatients
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Authors: Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J.
Affiliations: Queen's University (CA)
ORCID: Wegener, Duane T.
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999-09
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 272-299
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272
OpenAlex: W1977775666
Cited by: 9,587
References: 128
Citations by year: 2026: 777 · 2025: 658 · 2024: 598 · 2023: 548 · 2022: 538 · 2021: 577 · 2020: 526 · 2019: 528 · 2018: 476 · 2017: 452 · 2016: 461 · 2015: 472 · 2014: 478 · 2013: 413 · 2012: 346
FWCI: 40.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: exploratory factor analysis, questionable research practices, methodological recommendations, research integrity, publication practices

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Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.

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