Delineating Characteristics of Maladaptive Repetitive Thought: Development and Preliminary Validation of the Perseverative Cognitions Questionnaire

Szkodny, Lauren E.; Newman, Michelle G.

doi:10.1177/1073191117698753

Cited by 38Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesObsessive-Compulsive Spectrum DisordersMental Health Research Topics

Delineating Characteristics of Maladaptive Repetitive Thought: Development and Preliminary Validation of the Perseverative Cognitions Questionnaire

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Szkodny, Lauren E., Newman, Michelle G.·2019·Assessment

DOI 10.1177/1073191117698753PMC PMC6707362

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Abstract

Worry, rumination, and obsessive thinking are theorized to differ on temporal orientation, positive perceived function, degree of intrusiveness, and discordance with one’s self-concept. However, prior findings with respect to such differences may be due to method variance of the measures used and/or inclusion of items confounded by diagnostic symptoms. Accurately capturing differences between types of perseverative thought linked to psychopathology and understanding whether such aspects are common across disorders or specific to some may be important to designing effective treatments for them. Two studies are presented detailing the development and validation of the Perseverative Cognitions Questionnaire (PCQ). The PCQ is a 45-item self-report measure that assesses six dimensional characteristics of worry, rumination, and obsessive thinking previously found to discriminate these thought styles: Lack of Controllability, Preparing for the Future, Expecting the Worst, Searching for Causes/Meaning, Dwelling on the Past, and Thinking Discordant with Ideal Self. Factor structure of the PCQ was established using principal components, exploratory factor, and confirmatory factor analyses. PCQ scales exhibited differential convergence with measures of perseverative thought and psychopathology. The PCQ also demonstrated acceptable retest correlations across 1- and 2-week periods, and incremental validity when predicting symptoms of anxiety, depression, and obsessive compulsive disorder.

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Extant measures take for granted that worry is a future-oriented, verbal-linguistic thought process, despite worries overlapping with perseverative thinking about past failures, obsessions, or trauma-related intrusive thoughts.
“In addition, extant measures take for granted that worry is a future-oriented, verbal-linguistic thought process, despite the fact that worries overlap markedly or can be confused by clients with perseverative thinking about past failures, obsessions, or trauma-related intrusive thoughts [123].”
From Psychotherapeutic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: cognitive and behavioral therapies, enhancement strategies, and emerging efforts (2022) · cites this paper as [123]
The Measurement Concerns section (page unavailable) says that existing measures can blur worry and obsessions, and that defining worry by assumed distinguishing features such as temporal orientation can bias responses. The Distinct Features section describes worry as future-focused and rumination as focused on past negative events. Our copy does not establish that measures assume worry is verbal-linguistic, or discuss confusion with trauma-related intrusive thoughts or past failures specifically. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Heightened generalized anxiety disorder severity has been uniquely correlated with higher judgment and reactivity.
“Subjectively, heightened GAD severity has been uniquely correlated with higher judgment and reactivity [21].”
From Treatment condition as a moderator and change in trait mindfulness as a mediator of a brief mindfulness ecological momentary intervention for generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
The Study 2 Results report associations between GAD symptoms and several Perseverative Cognitions Questionnaire scales, but do not report a unique correlation with judgment or reactivity. Searches for “judgment,” “reactivity,” and the claimed relationship found no passage addressing those constructs. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE PERSEVERATIVE THINKING QUESTIONNAIRE
O'Haver, L. G. (2015) · OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale)
Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire
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The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire in Patients with Persecutory Delusions
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Authors: Szkodny, L. E., & Newman, M. G.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
Corresponding author: Szkodny, Lauren E.
ORCID: Szkodny, Lauren E.
Newman, Michelle G.
Venue: Assessment
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2017-03-29
Volume: 26
Issue: 6
Pages: 1084-1104
ISSN: 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
1552-3489
DOI: 10.1177/1073191117698753
PMC: PMC6707362
OpenAlex: W2598655007
Cited by: 38
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 2
FWCI: 0.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH115128)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: perseverative cognition, worry, rumination, obsessive thoughts, questionnaire development, factor structure, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, incremental validity, psychopathology
MeSH terms: Rumination, Cognitive, Anxiety, Depression, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Negativism, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Principal Component Analysis, Young Adult

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Delineating Characteristics of Maladaptive Repetitive Thought: Development and Preliminary Validation of the Perseverative Cognitions Questionnaire

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