Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.
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The RRS has strong psychometric properties and reliability, with Cronbach alpha scores at or around .90.
“It has strong psychometric properties and reliability, with Cronbach alpha scores at or around .90.”
From Mindfulness for the self-management of negative coping, rumination and fears of compassion in people with cancer: An exploratory study (2023) · cites this paper as [47]
Rumination predicts MDD onset in young adults.
“Rumination has been found to predict MDD onset in young adults (Nolen‐Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994); increased levels of depression (Nolen‐Hoeksema, 2000); and transition to chronic, relapsing depression (Wiersma et al., 2010).”
From A mindful yoga intervention for young women with major depressive disorder: Design and baseline sample characteristics of a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as Nolen‐Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994
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Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 · Cited by 12,910 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: "Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence"
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01 · Cited by 7,154 · see citing works
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172 · see citing works
“Sometimes distraction is negatively correlated with depression and rumination (Bagby & Parker, 2001; Chang, 2004; Lam et al., 2003; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994), some-times it is positively correlated (Schmaling et al., 2002), and sometimes it is uncorrelated (Abela et al., 2002; Arnow et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis.
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023910315561 · Cited by 3,808 · see citing works
“According to Response Styles Theory (RST; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987), it is characterized by self-reflection (Morrow & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990) as well as a repetitive and passive focus on one’s negative emotions (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991, 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, & Grayson, 1999; Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.246 · Cited by 3,889 · see citing works
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671 · see citing works
The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.109.3.504 · Cited by 2,998 · see citing works
Self-citationNegative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V, & Spinhoven, P. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00113-6 · Cited by 2,494 · see citing works
Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421 · see citing works
“…diary of mood & rumination More ruminative responses predicted increased duration of depressed mood, after controlling for initial severity of mood Nolen-Hoeksema et al. (1994) T2 6 mths; 253 adults, 1 mth after death of loved one RSQ, HRSD, BDI, Social support Rumination at T1 predicted level…”
BackgroundRelational frame theory : A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition
Hayes, S. (2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-2482 · Cited by 2,387 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Coping Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review and an Examination of Relative Coping
Tamres, L. K., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0601_1 · Cited by 1,807 · see citing works
Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report.
Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.934 · Cited by 1,806 · see citing works
Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
“In turn, a number of laboratory and field studies have shown that people who engage in rumination when distressed show longer and more severe periods of depressive symptoms and are more likely to develop full depressive disorders than those who do not engage in rumination (Alloy & Abramson, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morr…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.773 · Cited by 1,343 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation: Past, Present, Future
Gross, J. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379186 · Cited by 1,299 · see citing works
“The frontal lobes. N ew Yo rk : R aven. Taylo r, G .J., Bagby, R .M ., & Parker, J.D .A . (1997). Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness.”
BackgroundEmotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903407948 · Cited by 1,234 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown good test–retest reliability and acceptable convergent and predictive validity (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991 ; Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ; Treynor et al, 2003 ).”
Co–Rumination in the Friendships of Girls and Boys
Rose, A. J. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00509 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
“Also, coping research indicates that women and adolescent girls ruminate more than do men and adolescent boys (e.g., Hart & Thompson, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994; Schwartz & Koenig, 1996).”
BackgroundEffects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.176 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis.
Mor, N., & Winquist, J. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.638 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141 · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
“These results also fit in with the findings of other studies on the separate concepts of self-blame (Anderson, Miller, Riger, Dill, & Sedikides, 1994), rumination ( Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ), catastrophizing (Sullivan et al., 1995), and positive reappraisal (Carver et al., 1989).”
ResultRepetitive Negative Thinking as a Transdiagnostic Process
Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.192 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Mechanisms linking work and family: clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs
Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259269 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood
Nolen-hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1993) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939308409206 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Self-citationWrosch, C., Scheier, M. F., Miller, G. E., Schulz, R., & Carver, C. S. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203256921 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
How Emotions Influence Performance in Competitive Sports
Lazarus, R. S. (2000) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.14.3.229 · Cited by 984 · see citing works
Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning.
Davis, C. G., Nolen–Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.2.561 · Cited by 1,174 · see citing works
Self-citationLyubomirsky, S. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.239 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.009 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
“These results fit in with the findings of earlier studies showing relationships between adult psychopathology and the apparently less adaptive styles of Rumination ( Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ), Catastrophizing (Sullivan et al., 1995) and Self-blame (Anderson, Miller, Riger, Dill, & Sedikides, 1994).”
ResultShame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review.
Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021466 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety
McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.006 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
“, 2007) or from the wide range of other negative consequences of rumination including poor problem-solving and decreased interpersonal functioning (Lyubomirsky & NolenHoeksema, 1995; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994; Watkins & Baracaia, 2002; Watkins & Moulds, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSmith, J. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.003 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
“Neuroticism—Rumination has been conceptualized as a cognitive and behavioral expression of trait neuroticism and evidence for a significant relationship between neuroticism and rumination has been garnered (Nolen-Hoeksema & Davis, 1999; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994; Roberts et al., 1998; Trapnell & Campbell, 1999).”
BackgroundA Functional-Design Approach to Motivation and Self-Regulation
Kuhl, J. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50034-2 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Gender differences in rumination: A meta-analysis
Johnson, D. P., & Whisman, M. A. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.019 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Michl, L. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Shepherd, K., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031994 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
“Adequate test–retest reliability has been found for this measure over a 6-month period (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
MethodSelf-citationNolen–Hoeksema, S., Stice, E. M., Wade, E., & Bohon, C. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.198 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Self-citationSalovey, P., Stroud, L. R., Woolery, A., & Epel, E. S. (2002) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440290025812 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
“Rumination and the absence of attempts to attend to, clarify, and repair mood may then lead to prolonged physiological arousal and negative health outcomes (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994; Gross, 1998).”
BackgroundRegulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood.
Rusting, C. L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.790 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Self-citationRepetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process
Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1680/ijct.2008.1.3.192 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.1.182 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive risk factors to depression.
Spasojevic, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.1.25 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Cognitive Inflexibility Among Ruminators and Nonruminators
Davis, R. N., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005591412406 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
“…to ruminate about their depressive symptoms 1 month after their loss were more severely depressed 6 months after their loss than bereaved people who did not tend to ruminate, even after taking into account initial levels of depressive symptoms at 1 month post-loss (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory.
Just, N., & Alloy, L. B. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.2.221 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
“Yet, in naturalistic field studies, the role of distraction in predicting the course of depressive episodes has been minimal (Nolen- Hoeksema & Morrow, 1993; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
InfluentialRose, A. J., Carlson, W., & Waller, E. M. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.1019 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
“Rumination predicts increased internalizing symptoms over time, presumably due to its negative focus ( Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1993, 1994; Schwartz & Koenig, 1996).”
BackgroundResultSuls, J. M., & Martin, R. (2005) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00356.x · Cited by 567 · see citing works
GARNEFSKI, N., LEGERSTEE, J., KRAAIJ, V., VAN DEN KOMMER, T., & TEERDS, J. (2002) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.2002.0507 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
“The results also suggest a strong impact for a cognitive coping style of rumination, fitting in with the findings of Nolen-Hoeksema et al. (1994) who showed that a ruminative coping style tended to be associated with higher levels of depression in adults.”
ResultAn empirical test of a clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression
Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023962332399 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression: Effects of self-focus and analytic thinking.
Watkins, E., & Teasdale, J. D. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.2.333 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Psychological Resilience: An Affect-Regulation Framework
Troy, A. S., Willroth, E. C., Shallcross, A. J., Giuliani, N. R., Gross, J. J., & Mauss, I. B. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020122-041854 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
“…a review, see Szabo et al. 2012), contemporary research has examined a wide range of real-world stressors such as chronic illness and caregiving (e.g., Moskowitz et al. 1996), bereavement (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 1994), and natural disasters (e.g., Holman & Silver 1998) outside the laboratory.”
Mediators of the Gender Difference in Rumination
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Jackson, B. (2001) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00005 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
“Email: nolen@umich.edu 37 In turn, these gender differences in rumination appear to mediate the observed gender differences in depression (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLevels of Analysis and the Organization of Affect
Rosenberg, E. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.247 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Kanter, J. W., Mulick, P. S., Busch, A. M., Berlin, K. S., & Martell, C. R. (2007) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-006-9038-5 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
“The relationship between rumination and depression is clear: Rumination has been found to predict the onset (Just & Alloy, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000), length (Umberson, Wortman, & Kessler, 1992), and severity ( Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ) of depressive episodes.”
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Hogan, M. E., Whitehouse, W. G., Rose, D. T., Robinson, M. S., Kim, R. S., & Lapkin, J. B. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.3.403 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Robinson, M. S., & Alloy, L. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023914416469 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
“Pyszczynski and Greenberg (1987) proposed that stressful life events that cause a discrepancy between the individual’s real self-image and his/her ideal self-image on an important self-relevant dimension result inbehaviors intended to reduce this discrepancy.”
InfluentialAdaptive and maladaptive self-focus in depression
Watkins, E. R., & Teasdale, J. D. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.006 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
“hood, severity and duration of syndromal depression (e.g. Just and Alloy, 1997; Kuehner and Weber, 1999; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
BackgroundJoormann, J., Dkane, M., & Gotlib, I. (2006) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.01.002 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
“These results support the analysis of Treynor et al. (2003), who found that reflective pondering and brooding were associated differentially with current and subsequent depressive symptoms. Treynor et al. (2003), however, used a community sample and assessed change in BDI scores.”
ResultRegulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood.
Rusting, C. L., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.3.790 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Self-citationThe motivating function of thinking about the future: Expectations versus fantasies.
Oettingen, G., & Mayer, D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1198 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination.
Lyubomirsky, S., Tucker, K. L., Caldwell, N. D., & Berg, K. A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.5.1041 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity.
McLaughlin, K. A., Borkovec, T. D., & Sibrava, N. J. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Life Events, Stress and Depression: A Review of Recent Findings
Tennant, C. (2002) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01007.x · Cited by 478 · see citing works
“Intercurrent stressors not unexpectedly correlated with poorer prognosis over both 6 months [21] and 11 years in adults [22] and over 6 months [23] and 4 years [24] in adolescents and young adults.”
BackgroundLyubomirsky, S., Caldwell, N. D., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.1.166 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
“For example, recently bereaved individuals with a ruminative coping style were more depressed both shortly after their loss and over the next 6 months than people without a ruminative coping style, even after their initial levels of dysphoria were controlled ( Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAn attentional scope model of rumination.
Whitmer, A. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030923 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Roberts, J. E., Gilboa, E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1998) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018713313894 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Ruminative Self-Focus and Negative Affect
Moberly, N., & Watkins, E. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.314 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
“Third, given that rumination and negative affect are typically correlated (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994) and that rumination is associated with negative affect on a day-to-day basis (Wood et al.”
BackgroundHatzenbuehler, M. L., Nolen–Hoeksema, S., & Erickson, S. J. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.4.455 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Self-citationRoberts, J. E., Gotlib, I. H., & Kassel, J. D. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.310 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
“Similar to the approach taken by Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, and Larson (1994), three simultaneous multiple regression analyses were conducted to test this model (see also Cohen & Cohen, 1983, pp. 353-378).”
MethodRuminative thought style and depressed mood
Brinker, J. K., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20542 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Sbarra, D. A., & Hazan, C. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868308315702 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Leach, L. S., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., Windsor, T. D., & Butterworth, P. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0388-z · Cited by 413 · see citing works
“Ruminative style was measured using a 10-item short scale drawn from the 21item Ruminative Response Scale [61].”
The association between rumination and negative affect: A review
Kirkegaard Thomsen, D. (2006) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500473533 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
“…Korteland, 2004; Butler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994; Garnefski, Kraaij, & Spinhoven, 2001; Nolan, Roberts, & Gotlieb, 1998; NolenHoeksema & Morrow, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994; Ramel, Golding, Carmona, & McQuaid, 2004; Rohan, Sigmon, & Dorhofer, 2003; Schwartz & Koenig, 1996; Silk, Steinberg, &…”
Neural and behavioral substrates of mood and mood regulation
Davidson, R. J., Lewis, D. A., Alloy, L. B., Amaral, D. G., Bush, G., Cohen, J. D., Drevets, W. C., Farah, M. J., Kagan, J., McClelland, J. L., et al. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01458-0 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional approach and problem-focused coping: A comparison of potentially adaptive strategies
Baker, J. P., & Berenbaum, H. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930600562276 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
“One possibility is that women are prone to ruminate (Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ), and women who spend more time engaging in coping activities of all kinds are at risk of ruminating.”
BackgroundAddis, M. E. (2008) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00125.x · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Koster, E. H. W., De Raedt, R., Goeleven, E., Franck, E., & Crombez, G. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.446 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Garnefski, N., van den Kommer, T., Kraaij, V., Teerds, J., Legerstee, J. S., & Onstein, E. J. (2002) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.458 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
“For example, our bivariate results clearly confirm the findings of previous studies showing that rumination as a cognitive emotion regulation style is related to psychopathology (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample
Butler, L. D., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1994) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf01420597 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Self-citationDispositional and contextual perspectives on coping: Toward an integrative framework
Moos, R. H., & Holahan, C. J. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10229 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Resilience in the face of stress: emotion regulation as a protective factor
Troy, A. S., & Mauss, I. B. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994791.004 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
"Thanks for sharing that": Ruminators and their social support networks.
Nolen–Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.4.801 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Self-citationBanks, K. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., & Spencer, M. (2006) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-006-9052-9 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
“These differences in coping may be related to the greater risk for depression ( Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker & Larson, 1994 ), particularly among women (Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, & Grayson, 1999; Rusting & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998; Sethi & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1997).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation in Depression
Joormann, J., & Vanderlind, W. M. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614536163 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Abela, J. R., Brozina, K., & Haigh, E. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1019873015594 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
“At the same time, the few studies that have examined this hypothesis have provided support for the theory (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994; Sarin & Abela, 2001).”
ResultCognitive vulnerability to depression: a dual process model
Beevers, C. G. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.003 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Jose, P., & Brown, I. J. (2008) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9166-y · Cited by 372 · see citing works
“For example, Nolen-Hoeksema et al. (1994) showed that rumination mediated between stressors and subsequent depression.”
BackgroundOn Assessing Individual Differences in Rumination on Sadness
Conway, M., Csank, P. A. R., Holm, S. L., & Blake, C. K. (2000) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7503_04 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
“Research suggests that rumination on sadness leads to worsening and persisting negative affect, and perhaps to depression (Just & Alloy, 1997; Morrow & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Nolan et al., 1998; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1993; NolenHoeksema, Morrow, & Fredrickson, 1993; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994;…”
BackgroundInfluentialRumination and attention in major depression
Donaldson, C., Lam, D., & Mathews, A. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.002 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Monk, C. S., Klein, R. G., Telzer, E. H., Schroth, E. A., Mannuzza, S., Moulton, J. L., Guardino, M., Masten, C. L., McClure-Tone, E. B., Fromm, S., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111917 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
“Clinically, they ruminate more about negative events and report less satisfaction from rewards than healthy peers (3, 4).”
Gender Differences in Adjustment to Bereavement: An Empirical and Theoretical Review
Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., & Schut, H. A. W. (2001) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.1.62 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Everyday stressors and gender differences in daily distress.
Almeida, D. M., & Kessler, R. C. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.3.670 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Whitehouse, W. G., Hogan, M. E., Tashman, N. A., Steinberg, D. L., Rose, D. T., & Donovan, P. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00157-0 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Abela, J. R., & Hankin, B. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022796 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Rumination—relationship with negative mood and sleep quality
Thomsen, D. K., Yung Mehlsen, M., Christensen, S., & Zachariae, R. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00120-4 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Benefits of Expressive Writing in Lowering Rumination and Depressive Symptoms
Gortner, E.-M., Rude, S. S., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.01.004 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Nonsuicidal self-injury in young adolescent girls: Moderators of the distress-function relationship.
Hilt, L. M., Cha, C. B., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.63 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Self-citationUncertainty, stress, and health
Greco, V., & Roger, D. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00091-0 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Papageorgiou, C., & Adrian Wells, A. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80041-1 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Kuehner, C., & Weber, I. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799001282 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“Although the theory claims to predict severity and duration of depressed moods at a broad range of initial symptom severity, Nolen-Hoeksema et al. (1994) suggest that rumination should be a better predictor of depressed mood in individuals with initially more severe depressed moods, as there are…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCarr, D., House, J. S., Kessler, R. C., Nesse, R. M., Sonnega, J. R., & Wortman, C. B. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/55.4.s197 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Rumination and psychological distress among bereaved partners.
Nolen–Hoeksema, S., McBride, A., & Larson, J. M. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.72.4.855 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal self-esteem in relation to structural models of personality and affectivity
Watson, D., Suls, J., & Haig, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.185 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 92-104
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4295812738
- Cited by
- 932
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 13.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- rumination, coping, depressive mood, bereavement, loss, grief
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